Aluminium tolerance in wheat: correlating hydroponic evaluations with field and soil performances*

The objective of this study was to correlate root length of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown in Al-containing, acidic hydroponic solutions, with root weights from acid-soil experiments and field scores from Brazilian acid-field trials. A total of 43 wheat genotypes, primarily from Brazil, were evaluated by growing seedlings for 4 days in hydroponic solutions containing 0.0–4.0 mg/l Al. The root growth rate of all the genotypes was reduced with the addition of Al to the solution and the Al-sensitive and Al-tolerant wheat genotypes were clearly identified. Genotypes with intermediate Al-tolerance levels showed variable root lengths in response to Al stress. Correlations between root length or a root tolerance index (RTI) in the Al solutions versus acid-soil experiments and acid-field trials were highly significant (r = 0.71–0.85, P < 0.01). The most significant correlation was observed among seedlings grown in 1 mg/1 Al. This study presents evidence that this short duration and simple screening technique provides a highly significant correlation with previous acid-soil Al-tolerance evaluations. Furthermore, the data obtained suggest that hydroponic screening of wheat seedlings for Al tolerance may be used in breeding programmes or in screening germplasm collections.     

IPT促进稻苗种子根侧根原基的发生

０．０１～１０ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＩＰＴ能够促进稻苗种子根侧根原基的数目。与此同时,种子根的内源激素ＩＡＡ和ＡＢＡ的含量显著提高,而ｉＰＡｓ的含量下降。ＩＰＴ处理后,种苗种子根的吲哚乙酸氧化酶（ＩＡＡｏｘ）的活性下降,过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）的活性上升。     

植物根系固坡效应模拟及稳定性数值分析

随着生态环境保护的要求日益提高,植物护坡工程的理论和实践研究得到了发展。由于植物根系及其分布的随机性和复杂性,根土相互作用机理以及根系固坡的定量化研究工作还很不深入。本文对根系固土力学机制和根土复合介质抗剪强度模型进行了评述,将根系对土体的强度贡献以“表观凝聚力”表示,采用数值方法对植物根系固坡效应及其稳定性进行了分析,考虑根系强度增量以及护坡深度,在多种情况下进行了边坡整体安全系数计算。分析结果可为植物根系的力学效应评判、护坡植物的选取,以及其优化布设等纵深研究方面提供了理论基础。     

INDUCTION OF SOMATIC EMBRYOS AND REGENERATION OF PLANTLETS FROM RICE ROOTS

<正> The number of somatic embryos and regenerated plantlets were directly induced from irra-diated rice roots of the variety Taipei 309(Oryza sativa L.).For the induction of somatic em-bryos,the suitable age of roots was no more than 7 days after seed culture on the medium and thesections near tip were more vigorous than those near base of a root;the number of somatic em-bryos induced by the media with 1.11mg/L2,4-D plus 0.47mg/L NAA and 2.21mg/L 2,4-Dplus 1.86mg/L NAA was much higher than that induced by 1.11mg/L 2,4-D alone;10～20 Gyand 40 Gy of γ irradiation were the most favourable for increasing somatic embryo number onthe media of 2.21mg/L 2,4-D plus 1.86mg/L NAA and 1.11mg/L 2,4-D plus 0.47mg/L NAAor 1.11mg/L 2,4-D alone respectively.The highest number of regenerated plantlets was fromthat cultured on the medium of 1.11mg/L 2,4-D plus 0.47mg/L NAA and irradiated with 30～40 Gy of γ rays.     

Effects of soil bulk density on seminal and lateral roots of young maize plants (Zea mays L.)

It is well established that increasing soil bulk density (SBD) above some threshold value reduces plant root growth and thus may reduce water and nutrient acquisition. However, formation and elongation of maize seminal roots and first order lateral (FOL) roots in various soil layers under the influence of SBD has not been documented. Two studies were conducted on a loamy sand soil at SBD ranging from 1.25 g cm^–3 to 1.66 g cm^–3. Rhizotrons with a soil layer 7 mm thick were used and pre‐germinated plants were grown for 15 days. Over the range of SBD tested, the shoot growth was not influenced whereas total root length was reduced by 30 % with increasing SBD. Absolute growth rate of seminal roots was highest in the top soil layer and decreased with increasing distance from the surface. Increasing SBD amplified this effect by 20 % and 50 % for the top soil layer and lower soil layers, respectively. At the end of the experiment, total seminal roots attributed to approximately 15 % of the total plant root length. Increasing SBD reduced seminal root growth in the lowest soil layer only, whereas FOL root length decreased with SBD in all but the uppermost soil layer. For FOL, there was a positive interaction of SBD with distance from the soil surface. Both, increasing SBD and soil depth reduced root length by a reduction of number of FOL roots formed while the length of individual FOL roots was not influenced. Hence, increasing SBD may reduce spatial access to nutrients and water by (i) reducing seminal root development in deeper soil layers, aggravated by (ii) the reduction of the number of FOL roots that originate from these seminal roots.     

伐后竹蔸清理技术研究

分析了现有竹林伐后竹蔸(桩根)清理技术的缺点,即人工挖掘劳动强度较大,劈裂腐烂法其林地更新速度较慢,化学腐蚀法的剩余化学试剂会对大气环境造成一定污染等,设计了一种质量轻、体积小、移动方便、功效高,且能在地形土质复杂的稠密竹林内移动作业的竹蔸清理设备.     

Soil compaction in cropping systems: A review of the nature, causes and possible solutions

Soil compaction is one of the major problems facing modern agriculture. Overuse of machinery, intensive cropping, short crop rotations, intensive grazing and inappropriate soil management leads to compaction. Soil compaction occurs in a wide range of soils and climates. It is exacerbated by low soil organic matter content and use of tillage or grazing at high soil moisture content. Soil compaction increases soil strength and decreases soil physical fertility through decreasing storage and supply of water and nutrients, which leads to additional fertiliser requirement and increasing production cost. A detrimental sequence then occurs of reduced plant growth leading to lower inputs of fresh organic matter to the soil, reduced nutrient recycling and mineralisation, reduced activities of micro-organisms, and increased wear and tear on cultivation machinery. This paper reviews the work related to soil compaction, concentrating on research that has been published in the last 15 years. We discuss the nature and causes of soil compaction and the possible solutions suggested in the literature. Several approaches have been suggested to address the soil compaction problem, which should be applied according to the soil, environment and farming system.

The following practical techniques have emerged on how to avoid, delay or prevent soil compaction: (a) reducing pressure on soil either by decreasing axle load and/or increasing the contact area of wheels with the soil; (b) working soil and allowing grazing at optimal soil moisture; (c) reducing the number of passes by farm machinery and the intensity and frequency of grazing; (d) confining traffic to certain areas of the field (controlled traffic); (e) increasing soil organic matter through retention of crop and pasture residues; (f) removing soil compaction by deep ripping in the presence of an aggregating agent; (g) crop rotations that include plants with deep, strong taproots; (h) maintenance of an appropriate base saturation ratio and complete nutrition to meet crop requirements to help the soil/crop system to resist harmful external stresses.     

丝瓜子叶原生质体培养研究

经1%纤维素酶、0.5%离析酶、3mmol/L MES 和0.25mol/L 甘露醇的CPW 酶液酶离出的丝瓜子叶原生质体,在去NH_4NO_3的KM_(8p)附加0.5mg/L 2、4-D、lmg/L BA、125mg/L 水解酪蛋白(CH)、0.15～0.20mol/L 葡萄糖和0.05mol/L 蔗糖的培养基上培养出微愈伤组织,再经MS附加多种成分的培养基培育,增殖出大量松散粒状、表面光滑的多种形态愈伤组织,并分化出根。     

红锥切根育苗试验研究

通过红锥切根、沾灰育苗试验，分析成苗率、苗高、地径、主根、须根及枝、叶等一系列苗木数量、质量性状的差异。结果表明：切根能使红锥苗木主根变短，侧根部位提高，根系发达，苗木地径和苗高明显增加，生长旺盛。但切根也在一定程度上降低了成苗率。     

提取高质量茶树总RNA的方法研究

由于茶树富含多糖、多酚,从茶苗组织中尤其是从茶苗的根中提取高质量的RNA较为困难,试用了多种方法都未能获得高质量的RNA.为此,作者借鉴多年生的草本植物RNA提取方法-CTAB法,并在此基础上进行了改进,首次提取茶苗嫩根中的总RNA.电泳检测显示,该方法提取的总RNA 28S和18S条带清晰且28S较18S条带亮,紫外光谱分析显示A260/A280的比值为1.93.用于RT-PCR反应,成功克隆了492 bp的谷氨酰胺合成酶基因片段.说明用该方法提取的RNA纯度和完整性好.试用该方法从营养成分丰富的茶籽胚中提取总RNA,效果同样很好.