不同施氮量对滴灌春小麦根系时空分布、氮素利用率及产量的影响

为明确新疆干旱区滴灌春小麦不同施氮量对小麦根系的时空分布、氮素利用率及产量的影响。以‘新春19号’为试验材料,利用田间定位试验,研究在小麦拔节期、抽穗期、开花期及成熟期施氮量0kg/hm~2(N_0对照)、150kg/hm~2(N_1)、300kg/hm~2(N_2)、450kg/hm~2(N_3)4个处理,对小麦根系根长密度、根体积、根质量等在0~100cm土层的垂直分布、动态变化及产量构成因素和产量的影响。结果表明:开花期是各处理小麦根长密度、根体积与根质量变化最为剧烈阶段;0~20cm是各处理根量值(根质量、根体积、根长密度)最大层;施氮量适宜(N_2)时,表层根量增加,氮素利用率最高;施氮量过高(N_3)可获得较高的表层根量和产量,但导致最低的氮素利用率;施氮量过少(N_1)可获得较高氮素利用率,但土层根量和产量较低;氮素严重缺乏(N_0)导致表层土壤根系数量减少,影响养分吸收并导致产量最低。建议在新疆干旱区滴灌春小麦区域采用施氮量300kg/hm~2更有利于实现节肥和高产的统一。     

水稻根系空间分布特性的三维建模及可视化研究

为明确水稻根系在土壤中的空间分布特性,应用"根箱法"进行试验,获取水稻根系坐标数据,分析根系生长随水稻生育进程的变化规律,采用植物模拟技术,建立了水稻根系三维形态模型,包括根节点初始位置的确定、根节点生长方向的确定、不定根位置的确定、不定根生长方向的确定等。根据水稻根系几何形态参数,采用Visual C++及Open GL标准图形库,对水稻根系的三维形态结构进行重构,使系统生成更加逼真的水稻根系图像。结果表明该模型对水稻根系形态结构动态生长具有较好的预测效果,同时也可为其他作物根系的可视化研究提供参考。     

不同灌水方法对苹果树果实膨大期根系生长和土壤酶活性的影响研究

蓄水坑灌法是针对我国北方地区水资源紧缺和水土流失严重双重问题而提出的一种适用于山丘区果林的中深层立体灌溉。为了果树能够更好地吸收水分和养分,需对其根系和土壤酶活性方面进行研究。本试验在果实膨大期采用根钻法对地面灌溉和蓄水坑灌条件下的苹果树根系形态及活力和土壤酶活性进行对比研究,结果表明:在两种灌溉方式下,果树根系形态指标和根系活力均随土层深度的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,蓄水坑灌条件下峰值出现在60~100cm土层深度内,较地面灌溉峰值下移,且均大于地面灌溉;脲酶、磷酸酶和硝酸还原酶活性随土层深度的增加表现出先增大后减小的趋势。在0~20cm表层土壤,蓄水坑灌条件下的土壤酶活性低于地面灌溉,而在中深层土壤,蓄水坑灌的要明显高于地面灌溉。过氧化氢酶活性则表现为随土层深度的增加先减小后增大,且蓄水坑灌条件下的酶活性在0~160cm全土层深度内均大于地面灌溉。     

吨田宝对旱地小麦生长发育及产量形成的影响

为研究不同生育时期喷施不同浓度吨田宝对旱地小麦生长发育和产量形成的影响,于2013—2014年度在山西农业大学闻喜试验基地进行了旱地小麦起身期和挑旗期喷施不同浓度吨田宝的试验。结果表明,起身期喷施吨田宝,促进了拔节期根系发育,减缓成熟期根系衰老,增加拔节期、开花期的叶面积指数和各生育时期干物质量,随浓度大主要通过提高穗数提高产量;挑旗期喷施吨田宝有利于促进有效穗数的形成,随浓度增大主要通过增加穗粒数、千粒重提高产量;起身期、挑旗期配合喷施不同浓度吨田宝增加了开花期的叶面积指数,提高了开花期和成熟期干物质量,显著提高了穗数、穗粒数、产量,增产幅度达5.8%~10%。总之,起身期和挑旗期以1:1,浓度为每公顷750 mL/225 kg水喷施吨田宝显著提高穗数和千粒重,增产效果最好。     

对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下尖孢镰刀菌侵染草莓根系的组织结构观察

以‘丰香’（Toyonoka）和‘土特拉’（Tutela）草莓品种为试材,利用石蜡切片技术研究了在自毒物质对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下,尖孢镰刀菌草莓专化型（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae）侵染根系引起的组织结构变化。结果表明：对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下,尖孢镰刀菌菌丝在‘丰香’和‘土特拉’根系中的侵染速率明显加快,对根系表皮、皮层、中柱薄壁细胞及导管壁结构的破坏程度也明显加重,且对‘丰香’的破坏程度明显重于‘土特拉’。对羟基苯甲酸胁迫显著提高了‘丰香’和‘土特拉’根系组织含菌丝导管的比例,分别为22.5%和15.8%;但‘土特拉’根系含胶状物导管的比例为26.3%,明显高于‘丰香’（16.3%）。在对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下,‘土特拉’根系组织产生胶状物比‘丰香’早。‘土特拉’单独接菌处理根系内含有侵填体导管的比例为1.6%,明显高于‘丰香’单独接菌处理和对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下‘土特拉’接菌处理（1.0%和1.2%）。对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下接种尖孢镰刀菌可明显加重草莓根系组织受损程度,且‘丰香’枯萎病发生较重。     

High genotypic and virulence diversity in Ilyonectria liriodendri isolates associated with black foot disease in New Zealand vineyards

A total of 57 Ilyonectria liriodendri isolates were identified by a combination of species‐specific PCR and DNA sequencing from a collection of 174 Ilyonectria‐like isolates recovered from 101 diseased grapevine samples. These samples were representative of the national vineyard, comprising material contributed by 49 grape growers across seven grape growing areas. This species was predominant, representing 33% of the recovered isolates, and has been reported as a major pathogen of grapevines in other countries. The genetic diversity of the 57 New Zealand isolates was compared to that of isolates from Australia and South Africa using universally primed polymerase chain reaction (UP‐PCR). A total of 66 informative loci distinguished 52 genotypes, of which five contained up to four clonal isolates. Four main clades were identified in a neighbour‐joining (NJ) tree. The international isolates (Australia and South Africa) were placed in a clade that did not include New Zealand isolates. There was a high level of intra‐ and inter‐vineyard genetic variation indicating the free movement of isolates between regions. A subset of nine isolates from different branches of the NJ tree produced two vegetative compatibility groups and hyphal fusion was observed between non‐self pairings. Pathogenicity tests using isolates from different genetic groups inoculated onto either detached roots or 1‐year‐old potted vines showed variability in virulence; however, no correlations were detected.     

Influence of vegetation parameters on runoff and sediment characteristics in patterned Artemisia capillaris plots

Vegetation patterns are important in the regulation of earth surface hydrological processes in arid and semi-arid areas. Laboratory-simulated rainfall experiments were used at the State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Yangling, northwestern China, to quantify the effects of Artemisia capillaris patterns on runoff and soil loss. The quantitative relationships between runoff/sediment yield and vegeta- tion parameters were also thoroughly analyzed using the path analysis method for identifying the reduction mechanism of vegetation on soil erosion. A simulated rainfall intensity of 90 mm/h was applied on a control plot without vegetation(C0) and on the other three different vegetation distribution patterns: a checkerboard pattern(CP), a banded pattern perpendicular to the slope direction(BP), and a single long strip parallel to the slope direction(LP). Each patterned plot received two sets of experiments, i.e. intact plants and roots only, respectively. All treatments had three replicates. The results showed that all the three other different patterns(CP, BP and LP) of A. capillaris could effectively reduce the runoff and sediment yield. Compared with C0, the other three intact plant plots had a 12%–25% less runoff and 58%–92% less sediment. Roots contributed more to sediment reduction(46%–70%), whereas shoots contributed more to runoff reduction(57%–81%). BP and CP exhibited preferable controlling effects on soil erosion compared with LP. Path analysis indicated that root length density and plant number were key pa- rameters influencing runoff rate, while root surface area density and root weight density were central indicators affecting sediment rate. The results indicated that an appropriate increase of sowing density has practical signifi- cance in conserving soil and water.     

膜下滴灌不同灌水定额对玉米根系生长的影响

玉米根系的分布特征受多种因素的制约,其中影响最大的有土壤水分和生育期阶段等,通过分析不同灌水处理条件下,不同生育期,土壤深度与根长密度和根重密度的关系,研究膜下滴灌玉米各生育期根系在不同灌水定额处理下的分布规律,利用大田代表植株挖根试验得到的实测数据进行根长密度和根重密度计算。结果表明:根长在表层土壤中,随着水分的胁迫减轻,呈现增大趋势,深层反之,而且最大根深出现在80 cm处,在大喇叭期,处理1在20 cm土层根长密度最小（77.27 mm/cm³）,处理9最大（143.31 mm/cm³）,在40 cm土层,处理8的根长密度最小（16.11 mm/cm³）,处理1最大（24.89 mm/cm³）。根重密度与根长密度的规律基本一致,水分胁迫能促进根系向下伸长,在玉米拔节期,处理1在20 cm以上土层根干重仅占总根干重的67.9%,而处理9在20 cm则达到了90.2%。随着生育期的推进,表层根重密度随灌水量增大而增大,在大喇叭期,处理1的根重密度为8.16×10^-4 g/cm³,处理7为2.358×10^-3 g/cm³ 。水分胁迫使得根系深扎吸取水分来补偿亏缺,并且根变得较细较小,这说明根系自身会做出水分适应性环境调整,以达到重要机制的平衡。     

木薯苹果酸脱氢酶基因克隆和表达分析

为从木薯块根中获得苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)基因,并研究其在转录水平的表达变化规律,利用RACE技术从木薯“华南8号”块根中克隆得到了苹果酸脱氢酶基因,其cDNA全长1 175 bp,包含999 bp的开放阅读框,共编码332个氨基酸.从木薯“华南8号”中获得的MDH氨基酸序列,与其它物种的该序列相似度达84％～94％,包含细胞质苹果酸脱氢酶中高度保守的NAD结合基元“TGAAGQI”和催化基元“IWGNH”.木薯MDH基因与块根淀粉合成相关,在块根发育前期表达量较低,膨大期表达量较高,膨大后期表达量逐渐降低.     

畦灌条件下樱桃树根系的空间分布特征

在对北京市永乐店农业节水灌溉试验站内的樱桃树根系进行详细调查的基础上,该文对樱桃树根系在根区范围内的空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,定植12a樱桃树的根系分布在以树干为中心250cm半径范围内,最大垂直深度为100cm。根系干质量、体积、表面积及根长各主要参数的总体分布是从表层开始随着土层深度的增加逐渐减少,从树干开始沿半径方向随着离树干距离的增加逐渐减少。根系各主要参数在各土层深度的分布百分比与其相应的土层深度均存在良好的指数相关关系。按照相关系数进行评价,相关程度按表面积(R2=0.9342)、根长(R2=0.9261)、体积(R2=0.9136)及干质量(R2=0.9050)的顺序逐渐减小。各采样单元内直径小于2mm的吸水根比例在35%～100%(平均68%)范围内分布。吸水根主要分布在以树干为中心200cm半径范围内,垂直方向从树干下方的60cm开始,逐渐减少到距树干水平200cm处的20cm左右,在树干周围半径为50cm和80～160cm范围是两个分布密集区。