不同育苗基质对须弥红豆杉幼苗根系生物量的影响研究

使用4种不同育苗基质进行须弥红豆杉育苗试验,通过分析不同基质小苗(1 a龄)根系生物量状况,选出最适合红豆杉根系生长的育苗基质.结果表明,用腐殖土(50%)+红土(50%)做基质较适合须弥红豆杉苗木粗根生长,用腐殖土做基质较适合须弥红豆杉苗木细根生长,这2种育苗基质在云南省来源广泛,成本低廉,可在须弥红豆杉育苗中推广使用,丹麦基质最不利于须弥红豆杉苗木的根系生长.     

Impact of land degradation on soil respiration in a steppe (Stipa tenacissima L.) semi-arid ecosystem in the SE of Spain

Climate change scenarios predict increases in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, and longer drought periods in most semi-arid regions of the world. Ecosystems in these regions are prone to land degradation, which may be aggravated by climate change. Soil respiration is one of the main processes responsible for organic carbon losses from arid and semi-arid ecosystems. We measured soil respiration over one year in two steppe ecosystems having different degrees of land degradation under three ground-covers: with vegetation, bare soil, and an intermediate situation between plants and bare soil.The largest differences in soil respiration rates between the sites were observed in spring, coinciding with the highest level of plant activity. The degraded site had drier and hotter soils with less soil water availability and a longer drought period. As a result, vegetation on the degraded site did not respond to spring rainfall events. Soil respiration showed a strong seasonal variability, with average annual rates of 1.1 and 0.8 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in the natural and degraded sites, respectively. We did not observe significant differences in soil respiration rates associated with ground-cover i.e., the temporal variation was much larger than the spatial variation. At both sites, soil moisture was the controlling driver of soil respiration for most of the year, when temperatures were above 20 °C and constrained the response to temperature for the few months when the temperature was below 20 °C. An empirical model based on soil temperature and soil moisture explained 90% and 72% of the seasonal variability of soil respiration on the natural and degraded sites, respectively. For the first time, this study suggests that land degradation may alter the carbon balance of these ecosystems through changes in the temporal dynamics of soil respiration and plant productivity, which have important negative consequences for ecosystem functioning and sustainability.     

有限供水对夏玉米根系生长及底墒利用影响的研究

设计5种不同供水处理进行对夏玉米根系生长和底墒利用的影响试验。结果表明,有限供水对夏玉米根长的影响效应比根生物量显著,有限供水能促使夏玉米更多地利用土壤底墒,供水少,底墒利用率高,凸现出夏玉米对土壤缺水干旱的生理性适应机制和抗旱生态反应。5种供水处理以供水151．3mm,耗水190．1mm的夏玉米产量收获指数和水分利用效率最高。改变高水高产的传统耕作观念,推行有限供水,生育期内合理调配灌水量,提高水分利用效率,发挥土壤水库的调节作用,达到稳产又节水的生态农业目的。     

NH4+的吸收对水稻根系细胞膜电位的影响

利用微电极技术分别测定了2个水稻品种即武育粳3号(粳稻)和扬稻6号(籼稻)幼苗根尖细胞在吸收不同NH4+浓度(0.0250、.05、0.1、0.5、1.0和1.5.mmol/L)下膜电位的变化特征。结果表明,水稻根系吸收NH4+引起膜的去极化,去极化到一定程度出现部分复极化,有一小部分根系还有超极化现象。去极化大小随外界处理液中NH4+浓度的增加而加强,达到一定程度以后趋于平稳,吸收进程符合Michaelis-Menten动力学特征。两个品种产生的去极化程度不同,武育粳3号产生的去极化大小平均为16.5.mV,扬稻6号产生的去极化大小平均为22.6.mV。在低浓度NH4+(1.0.mmol/L)处理下,扬稻6号对NH4+较敏感,产生的去极化大小平均为17.5.mV,高于武育粳3号(去极化大小平均为10.9.mV),两个品种产生的去极化大小差异显著(p0.05)。研究结果表明,扬稻6号吸收NH4+的能力比武育粳3号强,这与吸收动力学的结果是一致的。     

小麦根系物质流示踪研究

在小麦生育进程各主要叶龄期分别用~(32)P和~(14)C标记各根层和叶层,研究根系营养物质流与地上部光合同化物质流的动态变化及兵在产量形成上的相互关联作用。研究表明,小麦各层次生根的最大功能同主茎叶龄进程基本上保持同步关系,即n/0叶龄发生的根至n+3/0叶龄发挥显著吸收功能。小麦某一叶龄期的功能叶和功能根在同化物质和营养物质输配上表现出互相依赖、相互促进的关系。     

The impact of sowing density of small grains on rill and ephemeral gully erosion in concentrated flow zones

Despite the fact that soil erosion by water causes considerable on-site and off-site problems, farmers in Europe are reluctant to adopt prevention and control measures when such measures require additional labour and material inputs. This paper documents the impact of multiple sowing of small grains on concentrated flow erosion rates and grain production for a winter triticale field (X Triticosecale Wittmack ex. A. Camus) in the Belgian loess belt. Multiple sowing refers to drilling more than once in zones of concentrated flow erosion in order to increase the total root mass in this zone. Multiple sowing strongly altered the morphology of erosion channels and reduced soil loss significantly. Statistical analysis confirmed that differences in channel dimensions could be explained by the seedling density. Doubling the root mass in the topsoil by multiple sowing, resulted on average in a reduction of soil loss by 42% for the whole growing season. For the winter period, soil loss reduction, mainly attributed to the triticale roots, amounted even to 53%, showing the tremendous impact of seedling roots on soil erosion by concentrated overland flow in the early stages of vegetation growth. Furthermore, total grain yield in the multiple drilled zones was not significantly smaller compared to the conventionally drilled parts of the field. Grain size of cereals was slightly smaller. The results of this case study indicate that double sowing in concentrated overland flow zones may be a viable soil erosion control technique.     

不同穗型的两个冬小麦品种根系~(86)Rb吸收活力变化差异与产量形成

盆栽条件下利用86 Rb同位素示踪技术 ,研究了两个不同穗型的冬小麦品种 (大穗型 :鲁 78 3 ,多穗型 :鲁麦 1 4 )根系86 Rb吸收活力的差异及其对产量形成的影响。结果表明 ,拔节后两品种根系群体86 Rb吸收活性 ,在开花前同步变化 ,鲁 78 3低于鲁麦1 4。前者在挑旗期达到最大值 ,后者则继续增加 ,开花期达到最大值。灌浆期间 ,鲁78 3根系群体86 Rb吸收活力显著低于多穗型品种。单茎根系86 Rb吸收活力的变化趋势虽然类似于群体情况 ,但鲁 78 3单茎根系86 Rb吸收活力显著高于鲁麦 1 4 ,其在灌浆后期低于鲁麦 1 4 ,大穗型品种鲁 78 3后期根系易于早衰。挑旗前 ,鲁 78 3根内86 Rb分配比例较高 ;开花到灌浆 ,根层86 Rb分配比例鲁 78 3明显高于鲁麦 1 4 ,结果前者叶层和穗层的86 Rb分配比例降低 ,籽粒灌浆受到抑制 ,千粒重明显下降 ,单穗粒重优势难以充分发挥     

Influence of spatial root distribution,organic nitrogen mineralization and fertilizer application on soil interlayer ammonium

The amount of interlayer NH ₄ ⁺ -N and net mineralization of organic N were measured at periodic intervals, over a period of 10 months, in soil samples collected from a peach orchard which had been subjected to different rates of N fertilizer application. Two different groups of soil samples, designated sampling 1 and sampling 2 were collected. Soils of sampling 1 were collected from sites where the soil was heavily penetrated by tree roots and those of sampling 2 were collected from sites where the soil remained free from tree roots. In sampling 1, during the 10-month period, the concentration of interlayer NH ₄ ⁺ -N showed significant variations, while in sampling 2 no significant variation was found. In sampling 1 the amount of NH ₄ ⁺ -N released from the interlayers of the clay minerals were not influenced by the N fertilizer application rate. Changes in the interlayer NH ₄ ⁺ -N concentrations were related to variation in net N mineralization and immobilization rates as well as to plant uptake N. It is concluded that, in our experiment, the dynamics of interlayer NH ₄ ⁺ -N in soil were influenced by the spatial distribution of the tree roots and organic N mineralization, while N application influenced seasonal variation but not the total interlayer NH ₄ ⁺ -N released during the experiment.     

Experimental determination of climate‐change effects on above‐ground and below‐ground organic matter in alpine grasslands by translocation of soil cores

We used the soil‐core translocation method to investigate the effect of increased temperature on above‐ and below‐ground phytomass and organic matter in cool alpine areas. The translocation of undisturbed soil cores from a high alpine site (2525 m a.s.l.) to an alpine site near the timberline (1895 m a.s.l.) achieved an effective artificial warming of 3.3 K. From a methodological point of view, the translocation of soil cores was performed successfully. Soil cores moved to a new site at the same altitude showed no change in above‐ and below‐ground vegetation, bulk density, and soil skeleton. At both sites, soils were Haplic Podzols with a similar chemistry and clay mineralogy. At the lower elevation site, however, podzolization processes seemed to be more pronounced. As a consequence, the translocation of the soil cores probably led to a disturbance of the actual steady state that had been established after about 10,000–13,000 years of soil formation. This might have affected the adaptability of the vegetation system. Therefore, it cannot be fully excluded that the experimental design influenced the results. Translocation of soil cores from a very cool to a warmer site led to a distinct decrease in above‐ground phytomass (about –45%) over the experimental period of two years. Below‐ground phytomass significantly decreased (up to –50%) in the topsoil (0–5 cm) after artificial warming. Possible mechanisms are that roots reduced photosynthesis and hence C flow below‐ground, a reduction of soil moisture that would have led to root death (not a very probable cause, however) or an abrupt change in the radiation duration and flux which affected root growth (also not very probable). Fast climate change exceeded the ability of the above‐ground and below‐ground phytomass to adapt quickly. Whether the decrease in phytomass was a short‐term or a long‐term response to climate warming remains uncertain. Based on a gradient study (climosequence at the same locality), we hypothesize that the decreased plant productivity might be a short‐term effect.     

不同耕作方式对冬播亚麻成苗及原茎产量的影响

通过成苗数、苗期根系生长、有效收获株数、收获时主要经济性状及原茎产量的考查结果分析，认为免耕、免镇压等耕作方式对亚麻成苗数和苗期根系生长有一定的影响。但由于亚麻自．身群体结构调控能力较强，各处理在收获时其有效收获株数、收获时主要经济性状及原茎产量差异不大。建议南方冬播亚麻生产区在土壤、气候条件适宜的情况下，可采用免耕、免镇压措施，降低种植亚麻的劳动强度和生产成本，促进农民种植亚麻的积极性．提高种植亚麻的经济效益．