Perkinsus sp. infestation in carpet-shell clams, Ruditapes decussatus (L), along the Portuguese coast. Results from a 2-year survey

This study characterises Perkinsus atlanticus disease prevalence and intensity within the economically important beds of the clam Ruditapes decussatus along the Iberian Atlantic coast. Samples were collected from five different sites along the Portuguese coast (Ria Formosa, Ria do Alvor, V.N. Milfontes, Aveiro, Lagoa de Obidos) and in Galicia (Ria de Arosa) between winter 2000/2001 and 2002/2003. The infection level was evaluated by the Ray Fluid Thioglycollate medium (RFTM) method using the body burden assay. In addition, the measure of the condition index (CI) (percentage between the edible part and the total weight of the clams) was conducted to investigate a possible correlation between this parameter and the intensity of the infection. However, no clear relationship between infection intensity and condition index (CI) could be determined although a significant decline in CI was found for heavily infected clams. Results of a 2-year survey demonstrate the presence of Perkinsus sp. in all sampling sites albeit with different intensities. Sites where human interference was minimal showed the lowest levels of infection. There were no significant differences in Perkinsus sp. infection intensity between samples collected in winter and summer, in contrast with several studies describing higher intensities at the end of the summer. Nevertheless, major differences were observed from year to year and site to site, indicating that factors other than those responsible for seasonal climatic variations might affect the prevalence and the intensity of Perkinsus sp. infection.     

陆地棉品种与陆地棉族系种质系间杂种优势及其组成分析

采用ＮＣⅡ遗传交配设计,选用３个陆地棉常规品种和５个陆地棉族系种质系材料杂交,杂种Ｆ１代产量和纤维品质优势表现明显。通径分析结果表明,提高铃重,单株铃数的中亲优势,适当降低单铃种子数和株高的优势。在其它性状适宜的情况下,可以显著地提高皮棉产量的中亲优势。各个优势组合在产量优势来源上有差异。种质系材料在杂种优势利用上具有很大潜力。     

Larval development in European hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) reared in a semi-intensive culture system

Eggs of European hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) were stripped from fish caught at sea. Larvae were kept under semi‐intensive conditions at around 12°C. In addition, eggs were incubated in single wells at 9.2, 12.7 and 14.5°C, where hatching, development and survival were closely examined. During the larval stage, a total of 299 larvae were sampled to follow development and growth. In addition a small number of juveniles were sampled. Larvae hatched approximately 4 days after fertilization, and were 2.9 mm in total length (TL). At 6‐day post hatching (dph), the larvae were 4.1 mm (TL), the jaw apparatus was developed, and the larvae had started to feed. Most of the growth during the early larval period is restricted to the head, and there is almost no increase in length for the first 3–4 weeks post hatching. Teeth and pelvic fins appear at 25 dph. Development of unpaired fins at approximately 30 dph marks the start of the larval–juvenile transition. Weaning to formulated feed was accomplished 50 dph, when external morphology was similar to that of adult hake.     

石刁柏花药培养愈伤组织诱导影响因素的研究

以石刁柏10个品种的花药为外植体进行组织培养,经预冷处理后对石刁柏的花药接种,采用不同诱导培养基,并相应添加氨基酸及有机附加物。结果表明:有5个品种的花药诱导出愈伤组织,其适宜的诱导培养基均不同,表现出较大的品种基因型差异;同时,不同的预处理方法和培养条件对花药愈伤组织的诱导也产生较大的影响,花药在4℃预冷处理4 d后经1 mol/L的高糖溶液中浸泡30 min接种于培养基,黑暗培养10 d后愈伤组织诱导率最高。     

黄芽白与红菜薹杂种后代的细胞遗传学特征

将白菜型油菜不同栽培种‘红菜薹’和‘黄芽白’进行正反交获得杂种一代,再经过多代自交获得高世代杂种。观察杂种后代形态学特征(叶型、株高、分枝数等）、育性特征（花粉育性、自交结实率）和花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为特征。结果表明经过多代自交,杂种后代各性状趋于稳定,正反交杂种形态有较大差异,而高世代杂种与杂种一代相比,形态没有明显变化。杂种后代花粉育性和自交结实率都比较高,花粉可育率均达到90%以上,但与双亲相比仍然稍差。杂种后代花粉母细胞减数分裂比较正常,但仍有少数细胞出现异常染色体行为。杂种后代减数分裂终变期染色体联会主要以形成环状和棒状的二价体为主,但也形成四价体等其他染色体构型。杂种后代中平均形成二价体的数目在6.7～8.2,最多全部20条染色体形成10个二价体,其中形成环状二价体和棒状二价体的比例相差不大。除了形成二价体外,部分花粉母细胞还形成少数四价体。与亲本相比,杂种后代染色体联会出现较多的非同源联会,平均每个细胞形成二价体的数目比亲本少,而形成四价体的数目比亲本多。在减数分裂后期Ⅰ,同源染色体分开并移向细胞两极,减数分裂后期Ⅱ,染色单体分开最终形成四分体。在此过程中,绝大多细胞染色体行为正常,但有个别细胞出现后期Ⅰ染色体不均等分离,有些细胞同源染色体分开时形成染色体桥;有些细胞在减数分裂Ⅱ中期和后期出现落后染色体。此杂种后代减数分裂过程较正常,探明杂种后代的减数分裂特征可为白菜型油菜杂交育种提供理论依据。     

Response of Sorghum to Abiotic Stresses: A Review

Sorghum [(Sorghum bicolor L.) Moench] is a highly productive crop plant, which can be used for alternative energy resource, human food, livestock feed or industrial purposes. The biomass of sorghum can be utilized as solid fuel via thermochemical routes or as a carbohydrate substrate via fermentation processes. The plant has a great adaptation potential to drought, high salinity and high temperature, which are important characteristics of genotypes growing in extreme environments. However, the climate change in the 21st century may bring about new challenges in the cultivated areas. In this review, we summarize the most recent literature about the responses of sorghum to the most important abiotic stresses: nutrient deficiency, aluminium stress, drought, high salinity, waterlogging or temperature stress the plants have to cope with during cultivation. The advanced molecular and system biological tools provide new opportunities for breeders to select stress‐tolerant and high‐yielding cultivars.     

西葫芦未受精胚珠离体培养条件的优化及胚囊植株的产生

 【目的】建立西葫芦离体雌核发育高频植株再生体系，以加速自交系选育，有效缩短西葫芦杂种一代育种周期。【方法】将西葫芦未受精胚珠接种至附加2，4-D、NAA、BA的N6培养基上可形成胚状体，该胚状体转接至无激素的N6培养基上可形成再生植株。【结果】试验共获得120棵再生植株（R0），其中41株因生活力低下死亡，8株用于摸索移栽方法死亡，71株移栽成活且生长正常，其中42株性状表现符合二倍体特征且育性正常，已有10株获得自交果实及种子，其余29株育性异常。试验结果表明，胚珠发育时期、培养基、供体基因型及供体栽培季节等均显著影响胚状体诱导频率。【结论】胚状体起源于胚囊成员细胞，再生植株为胚囊植株。试验筛选出3种诱导频率较高的培养基；以开花前1日及当日的胚珠诱导频率较高；秋播材料诱导效果最好。     

资源植物红景天研究综述

对资源植物红景天的化学成份、新药理学作用研究进行了归纳分析，并对其开发利用过程中遇到的问题及相应对策进行了讨论。目前国内外已对20多种红景天的化学成分进行了研究及预试工作，分离出了9大类，40多种化学成份。红景天新的药理学作用研究发现，其具有显著的抗衰老、抗缺氧、抗不良刺激、抗病毒及肿瘤、抗疲劳和对机体双向调节等新的作用机制。红景天研究过程中存在着其生殖生理学特性引起的濒危状况、红景天资源研究系统性较差和开发与利用过程中存在着利用与生态环境保护的矛盾。针对这些问题，提出构建红景天种质资源库，选择质量性状指标进行资源筛选工作，及其采用现代生物技术手段建立最优化的红景天引种驯化群体，作为开发利用的基础。     

水杨酸对HL-CMS同核异质系水稻叶片蛋白质及细胞壁成分的影响

分别用3种不同浓度的水杨酸(SA,3.25×10-5,7.5×10-5,1.5×10-4mol/L)处理水稻红莲型细胞质雄性不育(HL-CMS)型不育系粤泰A(YTA)和同核异质的保持系粤泰B(YTB)的三叶期幼苗,研究了幼苗叶片蛋白质含量及细胞壁纤维素和木质素含量的变化。结果表明,外源SA对水稻HL-CMS不育系和保持系的作用效果明显不同。3种浓度的SA均对YTA叶片蛋白质含量的增加起一定的促进作用,其中高浓度SA (1.5×10-4mol/L)的促进作用最为显著,但高浓度的SA对YTB则表现出抑制作用。与对照组(木村B培养液处理)相比,3.25×10-5mol/L和7.5×10-5mol/L的SA均能增加YTA三叶期幼苗叶片中细胞壁纤维素含量,而较高浓度(1.5×10-4mol/L)SA处理的作用不明显。对于YTB,只有较高浓度(1.5×10-4mol/L)的SA 对幼苗叶片细胞壁纤维素含量表现出明显的增加作用,3.25×10-5和7.5×10-5mol/L的SA处理没有明显的影响。YTA和YTB幼苗叶片细胞壁木质素含量的变化对SA的响应浓度有所不同,在较高浓度范围的SA能增加YTB幼苗叶片细胞壁木质素含量,而较高浓度范围的SA对YTA幼苗叶片细胞壁木质素则表现为抑制效应,SA仅在较低浓度范围有促进作用。同核异质系YTA和YTB间叶片蛋白质、纤维素和木质素含量的变化对外源SA处理的响应不同,可能只与YTA和YTB细胞质之间的差异有关。     

茶多酚和L-EGCG的抗烟致脂质过氧化作用

从茶叶中提取的天然多酚类化合物茶多酚和L-表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(L-EGCG)对由香烟气相物质诱发的大鼠肺细胞的脂质过氧化有很强的抑制作用,且复合体茶多酚及其主要单体L-EGCG抑制效果接近,同时两者对超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基都有十分明显的清除作用,表明茶多酚与L-EGCG的抗脂质过氧化机理之一是有效地清除了脂质过氧化的启动子氧自由基.