夏玉米叶、鞘、茎和穗干物质积累的动力学研究

通过田间小区试验,对比研究施用氮肥和钾肥对夏玉米叶、鞘、茎和穗的积累速度、分期时长和积累量的影响。结果表明,夏玉米干物质累积进程采用logistic方程分段函数法模拟效果良好,相关系数R值达0.93以上。夏玉米所有器官中,果穗干物质积累量最高,占总生物量的66.1%~74.2%。N处理果穗干物质积累主要发生在积累中期,此时期积累的干物重占果穗干重的59.7%;K处理果穗干物质积累在3个时期分布均匀,前、中、后期干物质积累量分别占果穗干重的31.0%、30.3%和38.7%。N肥明显增强了营养器官(包括叶片、叶鞘、茎)的干物质积累速度,增大了积累量,但是到生育后期积累速度和积累量均下降。K肥的生物效应表现为维持植株营养器官在生育后期的积累活性,积累速度和积累量几乎不降低。     

Synchrotron SAXS study on the micro-phase separation kinetics of segmented block copolymer

The phase transition behavior and isothermal micro-phase separation kinetics of polyester-based thermoplastic elastomer were studied using the synchrotron X-ray scattering (SAXS) method. The structural changes occurring during heating period were investigated by determining the changes of the one-dimensional correlation function, interfacial thickness and Porod constant. Based on the abrupt increases of the domain spacing and interfacial thickness, a major structural change occurring well below the melting transition temperature is suggested. Those changes are explained in terms of melting of the thermodynamically unstable hard domains or/and the interdiffusion of the hard and soft segments in the interfacial regions. SAXS profile changes during the micro-phase separation process were also clearly observed at various temperatures and the separation rate was found to be sensitively affected by the temperature. The peak position of maximum scattering intensity stayed constant during the entire course of the phase separation process. The scattering data during the isothermal phase separation process was interpreted with the Cahn-Hilliard diffusion equation. The experimental data obtained during the early stage of the phase separation seems to satisfy the Cahn-Hilliard spinodal mechanism. The transition temperature obtained from the extrapolation of the diffusion coefficient to zero value turned out to be about 147±2°C, which is close to the order-disorder transition temperature obtained from the Porod analysis. The transition temperature was also estimated from the invariant growth rate. By extrapolating the invariant growth rate to zero, a transition temperature of about 145±2°C was obtained.     

Habituation of healthy dogs to treadmill trotting: Repeatability assessment of vertical ground reaction force

To assess the repeatability of kinetic gait analysis with a treadmill, 28 sound adult dogs were made to trot on an instrumented system. Vertical ground reaction force variables (Peak PFz and Impulse IFz) were collected by 10-s recordings, once a week, 4 weeks in succession. Data were analysed using a repeated-measures two-way ANOVA to investigate habituation to treadmill locomotion. Recorded data were stabilized from the end of the first and second sessions for IFz and PFz, respectively. The percentages of variance attributable to dogs, weeks, minutes and repetitions were, respectively, 72%, 10%, 7%, and 11% for PFz and 84%, 7%, 3%, and 6% for IFz. Habituation occurred after a single training session. Good repeatability was determined by a low coefficient of variation (3.4-4.7%). Adding a treadmill to kinetic gait analysis deserves consideration: reliable data are easily recorded using appropriate habituation and statistical model.     

Preparation of Core-shell Magnetic Rosin-based Polymer Microspheres and Their Adsorption Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Mn2+北大核心CSCD

The core-shell magnetic rosin-based polymer microspheres Fe3O4@RPM were synthesized by chemical precipitation and suspension polymerization with maleic rosin ethylene glycol acrylate as cross-linking agent, methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate as monomers, and Fe3O4 as a magnetic core. The preparation conditions were optimized. The structure of Fe3O4@RPM was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction instrument(XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), and so on. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics for adsorbing Mn2+ were studied through static adsorption experiments. The results showed that the preparation conditions of the polymeric magnetic microspheres with phenanthrene framework were shaking at the speed of 400 r/min,adding 1 g azodiisobutyronitrile as initiator and reacting for 4 h at 70 ℃. The second-order kinetics model could well describe the adsorption process of Mn2+ in the experimental range of concentration and temperature, the adsorption thermodynamic studies showed that ΔH >0,ΔG <0,ΔS >0,which indicated that the adsorption was a spontaneous endothermic process. © 2018, Editorial Board of «Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products». All right reserved.     

Determination of microbial mineralization activity in soil by modified Wright and Hobbie method

Summary The Wright and Hobbie (1966) procedure, originally proposed for measurements of microbial activity in water, was adapted for soil studies. It was critically assessed, both for technical details and for the theoretical background of the isotope dilution principle. The heterogeneity of the soil microbial community was taken into account by introducing a double Michaelis-Menten equation instead of the simple Michaelis-Menten form. More complicated models were unsuitable because the kinetic parameters were not sufficiently stable in view of fluctuations of the experimental data within the measurement error. An integrated form of kinetic equation was preferable to a differential one, and a non-linear regression was better than a linear analysis of transformed data. In grey forest soil the heterotrophic potential of microorganisms was estimated to be 1.31 and 4.26 mg C h^–1 kg^–1 of soil for oligotrophic and copiotrophic components, respectively. The turnover time of indigenous, readily available, soil organic matter was 2.82 h.     

树脂酸聚合反应过程的研究

研究了用凝胶色谱法测定树脂酸聚合反应中二聚体含量的分析方法,并结合对其中未聚树脂酸的气相色谱分析,研究了以硫酸为催化剂、氯仿为溶剂时,树脂酸异构、聚合、氧化、歧化诸反应及其相互关系。实验结果表明:枞酸型树脂酸的异构反应速度大于聚合反应速度。聚合反应的进行不影响异构反应的平衡。在硫酸的作用下,少量树脂酸发生歧化反应,但大量去氢枞酸的产生,主要是由于硫酸的氧化作用。实验中没有观察到空气中的氧对反应有影响。本文还较详细地研究了枞酸的异构—聚合反应动力学,根据动力学数据,求得了反应速度常数及活化能,并提出了枞酸异构——聚合反应可能的机理。     

硅酸盐木材胶黏剂的固化动力学特征

为探讨硅酸盐木材胶黏剂的固化过程和固化特性,通过胶黏剂中水分蒸发速率测定试验,对不同温度下胶黏剂固化过程中的失水规律和动力学特征进行了研究。结果表明:硅酸盐胶黏剂的固化是物理作用和化学作用联合的结果,物理作用中的失水过程是控制固化速度的关键步骤,而且失水率随时间的变化规律可用非线性方程X=X_∞/1+be~(-kt)来描述。硅酸盐胶黏剂的固化可大致分为3个阶段,均具有非整数级动力学特征,活化能分别为16.78、23.02kJ/mol和52.29kJ/mol。     

4-脱氧-4-己烯糖醛酸水解动力学

利用紫外光谱测定了云杉硫酸盐4-脱氧-4-己烯糖醛酸在甲酸钠中水解动力学。结果表明该水解反应为一反应速度较快的拟一级反应。此外,该水解反应的选择性较高,可望应用在无元素氯(ECF)和全无氯(TCF)漂白技术中。     

细胞质雄性不育水稻线粒体能量释放的热力学和动力学特征

高等植物细胞质雄性不育(Cytoplasmic male sterile, CMS)现象, 已在271种植物中发 现 。 根据少数几种较为深入的植物CMS研究, 人们认为这是一种可能由许多不同原因导致的 复 杂现象。 目前已有许多证据证明CMS与植物线粒体密切相关, 人们确信细胞质的不育 因子主要位于线粒体上, 不育系线粒体结构和功能均存在明显差异     

土壤微生物—腐殖质—矿物间的胞外电子传递机制研究进展

微生物胞外电子传递是地球表层系统元素循环与能量交换的重要驱动力。近年来,以微生物—腐殖质—矿物之间电子转移为核心的生物地球化学过程得到重视,拓展了以带电的土壤胶体与离子之间的相互作用为重心的土壤界面过程的内涵,成为地球表层系统物质间相互作用新的关注点,启示我们从化学与生物两个角度重新认识地球表层系统过程。本文从微生物、腐殖质和矿物等要素入手,综述了其地球化学角色与功能,讨论了它们之间的相互关系以及胞外电子传递的途径与方式;从热力学的角度探讨了胞外电子传递过程的能量变化,从动力学的角度探讨了胞外电子传递的传质与速率;介绍了若干胞外电子传递的研究方法;并提出了今后需要重点关注的重要科学问题。