稻草秸秆基活性炭对苯酚和亚甲基蓝的吸附性能研究

[目的]研究稻草秸秆基活性炭对苯酚和亚甲基蓝的吸附性能。[方法]选用（NH4）2HPO4为活化剂,利用农业废弃物——稻草秸秆为原料,通过化学活化法制得3种稻草秸秆基活性炭RN-1、RN-2和RN-3。通过N2吸附-脱附等温曲线和Boehm滴定法对其表面的物理和化学性质进行表征。[结果]结果表明,预氧化处理不仅会改变活性炭表面含氧基团的含量,也对其比表面积有影响。将活性炭应用于水中的亚甲基蓝和苯酚吸附,活性炭吸附苯酚和亚甲基蓝符合拟二级动力学方程。RN-3（187.7 mg/g）具有最大的苯酚吸附量,对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量RN-3（166.35 mg/g）和RN-1（161.00 mg/g）相近。说明活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附受比表面积和含氧基团的共同影响,含氧基团量的升高不利于其对亚甲基蓝的吸附。[结论]该研究为稻草秸秆的合理利用提供科学依据,以达到以废制废的目的。     

L-苏氨酸摇瓶发酵动力学研究

对L-苏氨酸摇瓶发酵过程和发酵动力学进行了研究。基于实验结果,经非线性拟合和优化,得到了最佳的模型参数值,最终确定了能够很好的表征实际发酵过程中菌体细胞生长、产物L-苏氨酸形成以及基质总糖消耗的3个动力学方程。并对试验数据与模型进行了比较,结果拟合良好,说明此模型较好地反映了发酵过程及其动力学机制。     

Vertical Frontlimb Ground Reaction Forces of Sound and Lame Warmbloods Differ From Those in Quarter Horses

Lameness is a highly prevalent condition in horses and is the principal cause of removal from athletic activity in this species. In evidence-based veterinary medicine studies to evaluate non-setoidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapies, force plates are commonly used to objectively assess improvement of lameness. The objective of this study was to determine whether breed differences would influence force plate measurements in sound and lame riding horses. Force plate measurements of lame (n = 20) and sound (n = 18) Warmblood and lame (n = 15) and sound (n = 8) Quarter Horses were compared. Lameness was visually scored using the grade 0–5 American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) lameness scale. Trotting sound Warmbloods loaded their frontlimbs with 118% body weight (BW) and their hindlimbs with 96% BW, whereas Quarter Horses only used 101% BW in the front and 92% BW in the hindlimbs (P < .05). Furthermore, it appeared and was estimated that, at trot, front-limb-lame Warmblood horses showed higher peak vertical force (PVF) values (grade 2: 89% BW; grade 3: 69% BW), than front-limb-lame Quarter Horses with similar lameness scores (grade 2: 78% BW; grade 3: 66% BW). In conclusion, peak vertical forces (PVF expressed in % BW) of either lame or sound horses seem to be influenced by breed differences between Warmblood and Quarter Horse riding horses. Possible conformation and gait differences enabled trotting Quarter Horses to demonstrate lower absolute PVF values than Warmbloods, whereas trotting lame Warmbloods showed a relatively larger decrease in frontlimb loading and thus in PVF than lame Quarter Horses at a trot. Thus, in studies in which objective lameness observations are recorded, breed differences should be taken into account when specific grades of lameness of a group of horses are to be objectively compared with another group.     

大豆油酸的连续加压酯化方法及动力学的研究

脂肪酸甲酯的制备和生产技术多种多样,常用酯交换方法具有醇酸摩尔比大,反应时间长的缺点.在管式固定床的反应器中,采用自制的同体催化剂,油酸甲酯通过直接酯化方法制得,生产工艺简单.油酸与甲醇在加压的条件下,酯化工艺条件经优化得到其最佳反应条件为:反应温度为100℃,压力0.35 MPa,反应停留时间2.5 h,醇酸摩尔比2:1.在此条件下,经单段反应的转化率可达到93.10%,与传统酯化方法相比,该工艺具有甲醇用量显著降低,无三废产生,可实现连续化生产等优点.反应时间的缩短也降低了能耗.对油酸甲酯的酯化反应进行动力学研究,依据数据采用最小二乘法线性回归模拟酯化反应的宏观动力学方程,结果表明:油酸酯化反应为准二级反应.     

LF-1型低毒脲醛树脂的固化和固化反应动力学

本文通过热分析研究了脲醛树脂的催化固化反应。比较了几种固化剂的性能,选择有效的固化剂,确定最佳固化条件以及判断树脂的固化深度。反应动力学研究结果表明,脲醛树脂的固化过程可用自加速型反应机制描述,固化反应动力学模型为:da/dt=3.685×10~(13)e~(-92110/(RT))α~(0.8)(1-α)~(1.2),活化能E=92.11kJmol~(-1),前置因子A_0=3.685×10~(13)min~(-1)。     

Application of a modified rate equation to the acetylation of wood

A modified rate equation, in which the diffusion of reagent was taken into consideration, was proposed and applied to results reported previously for the acetylation of wood. The equation was fitted more successfully to the prolonged as well as the early stage of the reaction than a common first-order rate equation. Although the conclusions were virtually unchanged, the reliability was enhanced because reaction parameters such as the rate constant, ultimate extent of the reaction, and activation energy calculated for the modified equation were based on much more data than those reported previously. The equation proposed here may be applicable not only to acetylation but to other chemical modifications of cellulosic materials in heterogeneous systems.     

Condensation reactions of phenolic resins III: self-condensations of 2,4-dihydroxymethylphenol and 2,4,6-trihydroxymethylphenol (1)

This study reexamined the kinetics of the condensation reactions of hydroxymethylphenols with the purpose of elucidating the reaction mechanisms. This report discusses experimental results on the self-condensations of 2,4-dihydroxymethylphenols (2,4-DHMP) and 2,4,6-trihydroxymethylphenol (THMP), focusing on the order of reaction. The relations between the initial rates of reaction and the initial concentrations of reactants were investigated. Results quite different from those of previous reports were obtained. The order of reaction of the selfcondensation of 2,4-DHMP was found to be 1.1, which did not change with the alkali/2,4-DHMP molar ratio. The order of reaction of the self-condensation of THMP was found to vary with both the concentration of THMP and the alkali/THMP molar ratio. In the region of THMP concentrations above 1.5mol/l, the order of reaction was confirmed to be 2.0, which did not change with the alkali/THMP molar ratio. In the region of THMP concentrations below 1.0mol/l, the order of reaction varied with the alkali/THMP molar ratio, showing fractional numbers of 1.2–1.6. These results indicate that unimolecular reaction(s) and bimolecular reaction(s) take place simultaneously as the ratedetermining step in the condensation reactions of 2,4-DHMP and THMP and that the reaction mechanism changes with the species of reactant and, in some cases, with the reaction conditions.Part of this study was presented at the Wood Adhesives 2000 symposium, South Lake Tahoe, Nevada, USA, June 2000     

湖南旱地土壤对铵离子的矿物固定与固定态铵释放的动力学研究

采用振荡平衡法和好气培养-间歇淋洗法研究了湖南省主要旱地土壤对添加铵离子的矿物学固定和土壤固定态铵释放的动力学特性。结果表明,供试土壤对添加铵离子的矿物固定速度很快,反应12小时后基本上达到了最大固定量;而土壤固定态铵的释放则非常缓慢,反应42天后仍未达到最大释放量。这一动力学特征有利于土壤对溶液中NH4+的保持,防止NH4+的环境污染,有效地为作物供氮和提高氮肥利用率。一级动力学方程能较好地拟合供试土壤对铵离子的矿物学固定的动力学资料,一级动力学方程和抛物扩散率方程均能较好地拟合供试土壤固定态铵释放的动力学资料,表现为相关系数r值较高,标准误SE值较低。     

土壤—作物系统钾素动力学模型及其参数研究

基于生态学的Lotka Volterra模型 ,在土壤—作物系统中提出一个新的土壤钾素动力学方程。盆栽试验表明 ,该模型能很好地拟合花生一个生长周期内土壤缓效钾和速效钾的动态变化。吸钾量实测结果表明 ,花生不同生育期吸钾量符合Logistic模型。结合上述 2个模型 ,分别求出矿物钾最大释放速率常数Kmm、缓效钾最大释放速率常数Krm和速效钾最大供钾速率常数Kam。相关分析表明 ,Kam与花生当季吸钾量、生物学产量和荚果产量以及Krm与花生当季吸钾量有显著水平以上的对数正相关。Krm和Kam可作为评价土壤当季供钾能力的速率指标。