‘槟榔芋’和‘香沙芋’母芋与子芋淀粉形态和理化性质的比较

以魁芋类的‘槟榔芋’和多子芋类的‘香沙芋’为材料,运用扫描电镜、X–射线衍射和快速黏度分析等技术比较研究了两个芋品种的母芋和子芋中淀粉的理化性质的差异。结果表明:‘槟榔芋’母芋淀粉的平均粒径大于子芋,‘香沙芋’相反。两种芋的母芋表观直链淀粉含量和淀粉颗粒外部有序度均高于其子芋。在加热过程中,两种芋的母芋和子芋淀粉的膨胀势在75℃后产生显著变化,在95℃时母芋淀粉的膨胀势大于子芋。和子芋淀粉相比,‘槟榔芋’母芋淀粉具有较高的峰值黏度、崩解值和回生值,而‘香沙芋’相反。两种芋的母芋淀粉的最终水解程度均大于其子芋。以上结果表明,两个芋品种的母芋和子芋淀粉的形态、组成和理化性质方面均存在明显差异,这将为芋淀粉在食品和非食品行业中的应用提供参考依据。     

Sperm competition and the evolution of sperm form and function in mammals

Sperm competition is a powerful selective force that has influenced many reproductive traits in males and females although additional evolutionary explanations may help to understand the diversity of mammalian reproduction. Sperm morphology varies considerably in mammals with extreme examples in several rodent lineages in which a wide range of sizes and complex head morphologies have been identified. Mammalian spermatozoa also differ in function, with swimming velocity and trajectory showing much divergence. Underlying processes mediating function have received little attention so far, but differences in timing and proportion of sperm undergoing capacitation or acrosomal exocytosis may be related to variation in signalling processes. Furthermore, energy required for sperm functions (such as motion, signalling and overall maintenance of cell integrity) can be produced and consumed, following different patterns among species and this could be the result of several selective forces. A more thorough understanding of the diversity in structure and function of sperm cells, and underlying selective forces, may help us develop better methods to assess them taking into account particulars and generalities of sperm form and performance. Such tests could then become more reliable in estimations of the impact of cryopreservation or effect of changes in the environment and their relevance for fertility.     

Review of morphological and behavioural differences between reared and wild individuals: Implications for sea-ranching of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., and European lobster, Homarus gammarus L.

Abstract The main question which must be raised when planning to enhance natural populations through sea ranching is whether reared organisms are fit for a life in the wild, or more specifically, whether there are differences between reared and naturally resident individuals. The causes and effects of these differences are reviewed, and results from the Norwegian enhancement programme, which compared reared and wild individuals of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., and European lobster, Homarus gammarus L., are discussed with emphasis on morphological and behavioural differences. It was concluded that exposure to an artificial rearing environment during ontogeny can affect both the phenotype and the behaviour of the reared individuals, and thereby, their potential for survival after release into the wild as well. Suggestions are made as to how to diminish observed differences, and thereby, improve the survival potential.     

烯效唑浸种对干旱胁迫下工业大麻幼苗形态、渗透调节物质及内源激素的影响

选用0.4 mg·L^-1的烯效唑(S₃₃₀₇)浸种工业大麻"火麻一号"种子,采用盆栽试验方法,于大麻三叶期设置清水浸种后正常供水(CK)、清水浸种后干旱胁迫(D)和烯效唑浸种后干旱胁迫(D+S)3个处理,探讨烯效唑浸种对干旱胁迫下工业大麻幼苗形态、渗透调节物质及内源激素的影响。结果表明:与D处理的植株相比,D+S处理显著提高了根系干、鲜重,分别提高46.67%～61.54%和16.46%～25.53%;恢复了胁迫后期的地上部干、鲜重,复水4 d后地上部干、鲜重较D处理分别提高了4.38%和2.23%;促进了根系生长的能力,干旱胁迫8 d后,D+S处理较D处理根长、根表面积、根体积、根总投影面积、分枝数、交叉数和根尖数分别增加了34.48%、34.77%、69.10%、70.00%、29.62%、54.28%和33.07%;提高了幼苗叶片SPAD值,降低了细胞膜透性,增加了可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,干旱胁迫8 d后D+S处理较D处理SPAD值增加了28.30%,细胞膜透性减少了17.22%,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别增加了17.32%～36....     

牛蒡上发生的根结线虫种类鉴定

2007～2009年,对我国牛蒡主产区的牛蒡及其根际土壤中的植物寄生线虫进行调查研究,发现根结线虫危害最为严重。根据根结线虫的形态学特征和分子生物学检测方法对其进行鉴定,结果表明,我国牛蒡主产区根结线虫种类为北方根结线虫(Meloidogyne hapla)。     

Lymphoid neoplasia in the koala

Objective Correlation of immunophenotype with history, anatomical and morphological features of lymphoid neoplasia in the koala.
Methods Routine necropsies were performed on 51 koalas with suspected lymphoid neoplasia between 1986 and 1997 in New South Wales and Queensland. Immuno-phenotyping was by an immunoperoxidase method utilising species cross-reactive antibodies raised against human lymphocytes and an antibody raised against koala IgG. Cases were classified according to organs and tissues affected and the morphological features of neoplastic cells.
Results Twenty-six (51%) of the cases were of the T cell immunophenotype, 12 (24%) were of B cell immunopheno-type and 13 (25%) did not stain. The age and sex of koalas did not correlate with immunophenotype (P = 0.686 and P = 1.000, respectively). Thirty-two cases were leukaemic and 36 had multiple organ involvement, probably reflecting presenta tion of koalas at advanced stages of disease. Abdominal tissue involvement was most common (44 cases), followed by nodal (32), atypical (21) and cervicomediastinal (14). The T cell immunophenotype was over-represented among the leukaemic cases (P = 0.013). Generally, the T cell immunophenotype predominated except for many affected atypical tissues. Neoplastic cells were mostly of medium nuclear size with round to oval nuclei. No correlations were found for cell morphology, mitotic index and immunopheno-type.
Conclusion The prognostic value of an immunopheno-typic, anatomical and morphological basis for the classifica tion of lymphoid neoplasia in the koala currently is limited by the need to detect these neoplasms at an early age, the requirement for freshly fixed tissues and the restricted range of available cross-reacting antibodies.     

Predicting quantitative host plant resistance against phoma black stem in sunflower

Phoma black stem is an important disease in sunflower, against which no specific management method is currently deployed in France. Relevant phenotyping methods for quantitative resistance are critical for integration of this trait into breeding programmes. Components of resistance associated with physiological resistance, and morphological traits associated with disease escape were measured on 21 sunflower genotypes under growth chamber (on seedlings), greenhouse (on adult plants), and field conditions, together with disease intensity in the field. Potential predictors were first selected for sensitivity and robustness from mixed model anova s. Analyses involving ranking tests and logistic regressions were then performed to identify predictors for field resistance. The identification of predictors for resistance involved analyses conducted in two broad steps: process‐oriented experiments, and epidemic‐oriented experiments. This stepwise approach departs from many studies aimed at identifying predictors for field resistance, which rely mainly on the computation of correlation coefficients between predictors and measured field disease variables. Predictors for quantitative resistance were identified: (i) lesion length and lesion expansion on stems of plants before flowering stage, and (ii) lesion length on first leaf petioles of seedlings. A high number of leaves and tall plants were associated with disease escape. Control genotypes for susceptibility and quantitative resistance were identified, and implications for breeding and improvements were derived from this work.     

Pythium yorkensis sp. nov., a potential soybean pathogen from southeastern Pennsylvania,USA

Biodiversity surveys of natural as well as agricultural ecosystems commonly reveal novel isolates. A new species, Pythium yorkensis sp. nov., is reported here, isolated from field soil during a survey of oomycete diversity in symptomless soybean across southeastern Pennsylvania. Molecular data from both mitochondrial and nuclear loci support a unique phylogenetic position for the isolates collected, and morphological features distinguish this new species from close relatives in Pythium clade J. Pathogenicity assays suggest that this new species may be a potential agricultural pathogen, as isolates were mildly aggressive on soybean. This study highlights the continued need for culture‐based surveys in collaboration with high‐throughput sequence‐based approaches for environmental sampling.     

不同土壤深度棉花根系形态变化规律及与矿质元素的关系

【目的】研究不同土壤深度下棉花根系形态变化规律,分析与矿质元素的响应关系,及矿质元素对根系形态的调控作用,为构建合理棉花根系构型提供理论依据。【方法】测试37份棉花品种的根系长度、根系表面积、根系体积、根系生物量、根系氮、磷、钾元素,根据公式计算比根长、比根面积、比根体积、根系密度,研究矿质元素对根系形态的调控关系。【结果】位于0~10 cm土壤中,由于氮素作用,促使比根长、比根面积、比根体积增加,轻微抑制根系密度生长。在10~20 cm土壤中,氮素促使比根长、比根面积增加,抑制根系密度的生长及比根体积的增加。在20~30 cm土壤中,氮素对比根长、比根面积、根系密度的作用效果不明显,而对比根体积表现为负相关关系。在30~50 cm土壤中,氮素对比根长、比根面积、比根体积、根系密度表现为正相关关系。在50~60 cm的土壤中,比根长、比根面积、比根体积、根系密度表现为负相关关系。第一主成分与氮素、比根长、比根面积、比根体积的相关性较高,第二主成分主要与根系密度的相关性较高,第三主成分主要与磷、钾元素的相关性较高。磷、钾元素与第一主成分的相关性较高,氮素与第三主成分的相关性较高。【结论】根系在不同土壤深度下,比根长、比根面积、比根体积逐渐增大,单位质量根系含氮量不断减少。根系形态性状主要受氮素调控,磷、钾元素对根系形态性状的调控作用较小。     

不同纤维源对成年鹅肠道组织形态变化的影响

本试验旨在研究不同纤维源对成年扬州鹅肠道组织形态变化的影响。选用18只健康、体重相近的25周龄扬州鹅公鹅,随机分为3组,即:稻壳粉组、苜蓿草粉组、羊草粉组,每组6只。试验期28 d,试验期末将试验鹅处死并留取各肠段组织,称重并观察肠道组织形态。结果表明:①不同纤维源对十二指肠和空肠长度影响差异不显著(P>0.05),稻壳草粉组回肠长度显著高于苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组(P<0.05),苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组差异不显著(P>0.05)。②稻壳粉组十二指肠绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度、肌层厚度均显著高于苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组(P<0.05),其中苜蓿草粉组隐窝深度、V/C与羊草粉组差异显著(P<0.05);稻壳粉组与羊草粉组空肠绒毛高度显著高于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05),隐窝深度显著低于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05),稻壳粉组与羊草粉组间均差异不显著(P>0.05),稻壳粉组肌层厚度显著高于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05);羊草粉组回肠绒毛高度显著高于苜蓿草粉组与稻壳粉组(P<0.05),3组间绒毛宽度差异显著(P<0.05),且以稻壳粉组最大,羊草粉组V/C显著高于苜蓿草粉组和稻壳粉组(P<0.05),羊草粉组肌层厚度显著低于苜蓿草粉组与稻壳草粉组(P<0.05)。由此可知,不同纤维源可显著影响25周龄扬州鹅肠道组织形态。