Effect of replacement of dietary fish meal with silkworm pupae meal on growth performance,body composition,intestinal protease activity and health status in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

This study investigated the effect of replacement of graded dietary fish meal (FM) protein (0, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80%) with silkworm pupae meal (SP) in juvenile Jian carp. Triplicate groups comprising 18 fish (15.96 ± 0.66 g) were fed one of five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (designated SP0, SP50, SP60, SP70 or SP80) for 8 weeks. The final body weight and specific growth rate of fish in the SP60, SP70 and SP80 groups were significantly lower than those for fish in the SP0 group (P < 0.05). The muscle protein content in the SP50 group was significantly higher than in the SP80 group (P < 0.05). With increasing FM replacement levels, the hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased among the groups, with the significant difference appeared in SP80 group. The gene expression level of heat shock protein 70 in the SP70 group was significantly higher than in the SP0 group (P < 0.05), while that in the SP80 group was significantly less than in the SP70 group (P < 0.05). Significantly decreased intestinal protease activity, increased serum ALT and AST activities, irregular‐shaped hepatocytes and intestinal microvilli were found in the SP80 group. The study demonstrates that it is practical to replace 50% of the Jian carp dietary FM protein with SP, higher SP levels are not recommended and that oxidation status of the SP should be carefully assessed.     

酶解植物蛋白对建鲤生长、肝胰脏和肠道发育及消化酶活性的影响

试验考察了酶解植物蛋白对建鲤生长性能、肝胰脏和肠道发育及消化酶活性的影响.体质量为(9.18±0.21)g的建鲤900尾,随机分成6个处理组,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾,分别饲喂酶解植物蛋白替代相应完整植物蛋白0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的试验饵料,试验期为60 d.结果表明,酶解蛋白替代完整蛋白40%时,生长速度最快,饵料系数最低,摄饵量、蛋白和灰分沉积率最高;替代比例在60%以下时,肠重和肠皱襞高度、肠道脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶、Na ,K -ATP酶的活性随着替代比例的上升而显著增加;替代比例超过60%以后,生长速度显著降低、饵料系数升高,肠道酶活、皱襞高度、蛋白沉积率下降,而肝胰脏谷草转氨酶活性、血氨浓度和脂肪沉积率升高(P<0.05).结果表明,适宜比例的酶解植物蛋白能促进建鲤生长、肝胰脏和肠道发育,提高饲料利用率.     

维生素A缺乏对建鲤生长性能及免疫功能的影响

幼建鲤体重(11 37±0 55)g,投喂不添加或添加维生素A的3组试验饲料,进行饲养实验70d,攻毒实验15d和免疫接种实验24d,研究维生素A缺乏对幼建鲤生长性能和免疫功能的影响,结果表明,维生素A缺乏组(0IU/kg)建鲤的成活率、摄食量、增重、净蛋白质沉积率、肥满度、肝胰脏指数、肝胰脏维生素A含量、肠道皱襞高度,头肾重量、脾脏重量和指数、后肾重量和指数、血液红细胞、白细胞数量和血清溶菌酶活力显著降低(P<0 05),且饲料系数显著增加(P<0 05),而对头肾体指数、用灭活嗜水气单胞菌免疫后第10和17天血清抗体水平影响不显著(P>0 05)。基于本实验研究结果,可知维生素A是维持幼建鲤正常生长和免疫机能必不可少的营养成分。当饲料中维生素A含量达到3969IU/kg时,一定程度上可满足幼建鲤正常生长和免疫机能的需要,进一步提高饲料维生素A含量(达23816IU/kg),对幼建鲤生长和饲料利用没有显著影响,但在一定程度可提高其免疫机能。     

Effects of pyridoxine on antioxidative parameters in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

To investigate the effects of dietary pyridoxine (PN) on antioxidant status of fish in serum, intestine and trunk kidney, 1050 juvenile Jian carp (11.7 ± 0.1 g) were used for the experiment. The carp were divided into seven groups and fed diets containing graded levels of PN (0.20, 1.71, 3.23, 4.96, 6.32, 8.58 and 12.39 mg kg^?1 of diet) for 80 days. Results of the study showed that content of malondialdehyde in serum, intestine and kidney tissues was the highest when fed the diet containing 1.71 mg PN kg^?1 diet (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the protein carbonyl content of intestine and kidney tissue showed a downward trend to a point (P < 0.05). Conversely, activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), glutathione S‐transferase, glutathione reductase and glutathione (GSH) content in serum, intestine and kidney tissue were generally higher in PN‐supplemented diets than unsupplemented diet (P < 0.05). The present results indicated that the PN decreased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in fish, and partly because of its improved antioxidant enzymes activities and levels of GSH.     

丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺对建鲤的适宜投喂模式

【目的】探讨丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺(Ala-Gln)对建鲤适宜的投喂模式。【方法】以初始质量(33.52±0.17)g的建鲤鱼种为研究对象,在室内单循环养殖系统中进行8周生长试验,分别配制添加0.0g/kg(对照饲料)和5.0g/kg(试验饲料)Ala-Gln的等氮(350g/kg粗蛋白)、等能(17kJ/g)饲料,采用5种不同的Ala-Gln投喂模式(Ⅰ.连续8周投喂对照饲料(对照组);Ⅱ.试验饲料2周间隔投喂;Ⅲ.前4周投喂试验饲料,后4周投喂对照饲料的4周间隔投喂;Ⅳ.前4周投喂对照饲料,后4周投喂试验饲料的4周间隔投喂;Ⅴ.8周连续投喂试验饲料),研究Ala-Gln投喂模式对建鲤生长、饲料利用和体成分的影响。【结果】Ala-Gln连续投喂和间隔投喂时,建鲤的生长性能均显著高于对照组(P0.05),2周间隔投喂组建鲤的平均增质量率和特定生长率均显著高于4周间隔和连续8周投喂组(P0.05),2组4周间隔投喂组间无显著差异(P0.05),但前4周投喂试验饲料的4周间隔投喂组建鲤的平均增质量率和特定生长率高于8周连续投喂组(P0.05),2周间隔投喂组和后4周投喂试验饲料的4周间隔投喂组建鲤的脏体比显著低于对照组(P0.05);在Ala-Gln的4种不同投喂模式下,建鲤的摄食率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),2周间隔投喂组和前4周投喂试验饲料的4周间隔投喂组建鲤的蛋白效率显著高于对照组(P0.05),2周间隔投喂组和前4周投喂试验饲料的4周间隔投喂组建鲤的饲料系数显著低于对照组和连续8周投喂组(P0.05);只有8周连续投喂组建鲤的白肌粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。【结论】在本试验条件下,饲料中添加Ala-Gln可提高建鲤的生长、饲料利用和白肌粗蛋白质含量,但不同投喂模式间有显著差异,从建鲤生长性能、饲料利用和体组成的角度,并结合经济性和适用性等进行考虑,建议采用2周间隔投喂模式或前4周投喂添加Ala-Gln饲料的4周间隔投喂模式。     

Effects of dietary histidine levels on growth performance,body composition and intestinal enzymes activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

A total of 1200 juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (8.76 ± 0.02 g) were fed diets containing graded levels of histidine at 2.3 (unsupplemented control), 4.4, 6.3, 8.6, 10.8 and 12.7 g kg^?1 diet for 60 days to investigate the effects of histidine levels on growth performance, body composition, intestinal enzymes activities and microflora. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, protein productive value, body protein content and lipid content of fish were lowest in fish fed the basal diet (P < 0.05). Activities of glutamate‐pyruvate transaminase in muscle and hepatopancreas, trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase activities in intestine and hepatopancreas, and Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase activities in three intestinal segments were improved by dietary histidine (P < 0.05), whereas glutamate‐oxaloacetate transaminase activities and plasma ammonia content followed an opposite trend. The amounts of Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas were significantly affected by dietary histidine levels (P < 0.05). These results suggested that histidine could improve growth and enhance intestinal enzymes activities of juvenile Jian carp. The dietary histidine requirement of juvenile Jian carp (8.76–68.02 g) based on SGR was 7.8 g kg^?1 diet or 2.38 g 100 g^?1 protein by quadratic regression analysis.     

Growth, digestive capacity and intestinal microflora of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of dietary inositol

A 60‐day feeding trial was carried out with juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) to study the effects of myo‐inositol (MI) on the growth, digestive enzyme and intestinal microbial population. Diets with seven levels of inositol (163.5, 232.7, 384.2, 535.8, 687.3, 838.8 and 990.3 mg MI kg^?1 diet) were fed to Jian carp (initial weight 22.28±0.07 g). Per cent weight gain (PWG) was improved with increasing inositol levels up to 535.8 mg MI kg^?1 diet (P<0.05), and plateaued (P>0.05). The protein production value, lipid production value and ash production value were increased with increasing dietary inositol levels up to 384.2, 838.8 and 838.8 mg MI kg^?1 diet respectively (P<0.05). Although intestinal protein content and trypsin activity were not affected by inositol levels (P>0.05), chymotrypsin, lipase and amylase activities in intestine were the lowest for fish fed the MI‐unsupplemented diet (P<0.05). Alkaline phosphatase, Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase and creatinkinase activities in the intestine were increased with an increase in the inositol levels up to 384.2–687.3 mg MI kg^?1 diet (P<0.05). Intestinal Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli decreased with an increase in the levels of dietary inositol up to 232.7 and 687.3 mg MI kg^?1 diet respectively (P<0.05), while Lactobacillus in the intestine increased with an increase in inositol levels up to 990.3 mg MI kg^?1 diet (P<0.05). In conclusion, inositol improved growth, digestive capacity and intestinal microbial population of juvenile Jian carp, and the dietary inositol requirement for PWG of juvenile Jian carp is 518.0 mg MI kg^?1 diet.     

建瓯下坑红菇自然保护区红菇适生环境的调查

建瓯下坑红菇自然保护区内的红菇,根据其形态特征可归为正红菇、大红菇和红菇3类,主要与栲树、米槠、拉氏栲和南岭栲等树木形成菌根,每年有2次盛产期,采收期约20 d。土壤富含腐殖质,疏松通气,保水性好且含水量在40%以上,空气湿度达80%-100%,气温为25-27℃是野外红菇子实体发生的必要条件。     

Effects of feed processing and forms of dietary methionine on growth and IGF‐1 expression in Jian carp

In this study, a practical basal diet (control, C) was supplemented with crystal methionine (Met) (CM) or encapsulated Met (EM), and then was pelleted (P) or extruded (E) to form six diets, PC, PCM, PEM, EC, ECM and EEM. The six diets were fed to Jian carp with initial body of 8.6 ± 0.4 g for 8 weeks to evaluate the effects of Met supplementation and feed processing on growth of the fish. In pelleted diets, weight gain (WG) increased and feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased (P < 0.05) in response to the supplementation of EM, but both WG and FCR were not affected by the supplementation of CM in the pelleted diet, when compared with PC group. In extruded diets, WG of fish fed ECM or EEM diets was higher and FCR was lower (P < 0.05) than those of fish fed EC diet. In the pelleted diets, the highest level of serum free Met was observed at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd h after feeding for PCM, PEM and PC group, respectively, but the three extruded diet groups showed the same peaking time at the 3rd h after feeding. In both pelleted and extruded diets, the supplementation of EM increased the expression of IGF‐1 gene in muscle (P < 0.05) when compared to PC and EC respectively. Results above indicated that the growth of Jian carp can be improved by the supplementation of EM in pelleted diet, or by the supplementation of EM, CM in extruded diet deficient in Met, but not by the supplementation of CM in pelleted diet.     

Effects of dietary protein levels on the growth performance, digestive capacity and amino acid metabolism of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of protein levels on the growth performance, digestive capacity and amino acid metabolism of juvenile Jian carp. Brown fish meal was used as the sole protein source in the present study. Six isoenergetic experimental diets containing 14.4 MJ kg^?1 of digestible energy and 220–495 g crude protein kg^?1 diets were fed to triplicate groups of 50 fish with a mean initial weight of 16.67 ± 0.01 g for 45 days. Per cent weight gain (PWG) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) improved with an increase in the dietary protein levels up to 330 g kg^?1 diet. The condition factor, relative gut length, intestinal folds height, hepatopancreas and intestine protein content improved with an increase in the protein levels up to 330–385 g kg^?1 diet. Trypsin, creatinkinase, Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase and alkaline phosphatase activities generally followed the same tendency as that of growth parameters. Amylase and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γ‐GT) activities were negatively correlated with increasing protein levels from 220 to 330 g kg^?1 diet, and no differences were found thereafter. Lipase activity was unaffected by protein levels. Lactobacillus amount was increased with protein levels up to 275 g kg^?1 diet, while Aeromonas amount followed the opposite pattern. Escherichia coli amount was not influenced by dietary protein levels. Glutamate–oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) activities in the hepatopancreas and plasma ammonia concentration (PAC) were not influenced by protein levels between 220 and 275 g kg^?1 diet, but significantly increased with increasing protein levels from 275 to 440 g kg^?1 diet, and remained similar thereafter. Glutamate–pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities significantly increased with protein levels >275 g kg^?1 diet. Based on the broken‐line model, the dietary protein requirement for PWG of Jian carp (16.7–55.0 g) was estimated to be 341 g kg^?1 diet with a digestible energy of 14.4 MJ kg^?1 diet.