Irrigation practices may affect denitrification more than nitrogen mineralization in warm climatic conditions

Predicting the impact of irrigation practices on soil N mineralization and N balance is an important issue to optimize N fertilization and reduce the N losses towards the environment. The effect of summer irrigation on N dynamics was investigated in two arable fields in Southern France. Net N mineralization was assessed by combining frequent measurements of water and mineral N contents in soil and the use of a calculation model (LIXIM). It was first calculated assuming that denitrification was negligible. This hypothesis led to inconsistent results, apparent net N mineralized being smaller under irrigated than non-irrigated conditions and net mineralization kinetics being erratic. The occurrence of denitrification was confirmed by the use of ¹⁵NO₃ tracing in an experiment carried out in summer, including three irrigated treatments. The average ¹⁵N recovery varied from 45% to 85% and was smallest in the most frequently irrigated treatment. Over the 8-week experiment, the N losses varied from 30 to 38 kg ha⁻¹ in the irrigated treatments. They were satisfactorily simulated by a simple denitrification model (NEMIS). Combining the LIXIM model and the simulated or calculated denitrification allowed to predict satisfactorily the evolution of soil mineral N accounting for the effects of temperature and moisture. The net N mineralized for 8 weeks varied from 34 kg N ha⁻¹ in the un-irrigated to 46 kg N ha⁻¹ in the irrigated treatments. The drying–rewetting cycles did not induce a flush of N mineralization. Our results suggest that denitrification has to be accounted for in irrigated systems, particularly in warm conditions and when the topsoil contains high nitrate contents.     

不同灌溉方法对不同氮肥在温室土壤-植株中的氮素分配影响

以番茄为供试作物,采用田间微区试验的方法研究了不同灌溉方法和不同氮肥种类对氮素在土壤不同层次间的残留以及在番茄植株不同部位之间的分配。结果表明,在番茄整个生育期内,土壤中无机氮主要以NO3--N的形式存在,NH4+-N所占比例很小。0～100cm土层中,滴灌和沟灌各处理土壤中NH4+-N的含量在整个生育期内含量均比较低(低于6mgkg-1),且变化幅度不大,各土层NH4+-N的含量受灌溉方式和施肥的影响较小。无论是滴灌还是沟灌,番茄全生育期内0～20cm土层土壤NO3--N含量始终较高。沟灌易引起土壤中NO3--N向下层迁移,而滴灌对40～60cm土层及其以下各层次土壤的NO3--N分布影响作用不明显。硝态氮肥较铵态氮肥和酰胺态氮肥更易随水向深层土壤迁移。灌溉方式对肥料15N在果实、茎、叶中的分配比例没有明显影响,肥料15N在番茄地上部分各器官所含的量以果实为最高,其次为叶,茎中的含量最少;两种灌溉方法间肥料15N在果实、茎、叶的分配比例差异不大,平均为2.9∶1∶1.6。     

Energy and water balance measurements for water productivity analysis in irrigated mango trees, Northeast Brazil

Crop water parameters, including actual evapotranspiration, transpiration, soil evaporation, crop coefficients, evaporative fractions, aerodynamic resistances, surface resistances and percolation fluxes were estimated in a commercial mango orchard during two growing seasons in Northeast Brazil. The actual evapotranspiration (E_a) was obtained by the eddy covariance (EC) technique, while for the reference evapotranspiration (E₀); the FAO Penman–Monteith equation was applied. The energy balance closure showed a gap of 12%. For water productivity analysis the E_a was then computed with the Bowen ratio determined from the eddy covariance fluxes. The mean accumulated E_a for the two seasons was 1419 mm year⁻¹, which corresponded to a daily average rate of 3.7 mm day⁻¹. The mean values of the crop coefficients based on evapotranspiration (K_c) and based on transpiration (K_cb) were 0.91 and 0.73, respectively. The single layer K_c was fitted with a degree days function. Twenty percent of evapotranspiration originated from direct soil evaporation. The evaporative fraction was 0.83 on average. The average relative water supply was 1.1, revealing that, in general, irrigation water supply was in good harmony with the crop water requirements. The resulting evapotranspiration deficit was 73–95 mm per season only. The mean aerodynamic resistance (r_a) was 37 s m⁻¹ and the bulk surface resistance (r_s) was 135 s m⁻¹. The mean unit yield was 45 tonne ha⁻¹ being equivalent to a crop water productivity of 3.2 kg m⁻³ when based on E_a with an economic counterpart of US$ 3.27 m⁻³. The drawback of this highly productive use of water resources is an unavoidable percolation flux of approximately 300 mm per growing season that is detrimental to the downstream environment and water users.     

拔节期灌水对冬小麦根重与产量的影响

用盆栽的方法,在土壤养分一致的条件下,测定了15个冬小麦品种拔节期灌水与不灌水(对照)的生物产量和籽粒产量。结果表明:冬小麦有效穗数、生物产量以及籽粒产量的形成与拔节期的水分状况有密切关系;地下部的根干重与地上部的生物产量、地上部的生物产量与籽粒产量呈显著正相关,其相关程度与拔节期灌水与否有关;地上部生物产量与千粒重虽也呈正相关,但相关性大小与拔节期的水分条件关系不密切。拔节期灌水处理与不灌水(对照)冬小麦的地上部生物产量、籽粒产量和千粒重的差值,与冬小麦自身的抗旱指数呈反相关。     

水分和钾肥对冬小麦旗叶光合特性的影响

为明确灌水与施用钾肥之间的互作效应,本研究采用不同灌水次数与钾肥用量设计,研究了灌水与钾肥施用对旱地冬小麦后期生长及籽粒灌浆的影响.结果表明,适当的灌水次数及钾肥投入,能提高旱地冬小麦旗叶的叶绿素含量、光合速率及小麦籽粒千粒重;灌水与施用钾肥之间有一定互作效应.     

旱作条件下刈割次数对三得利苜蓿主要经济性状的影响

为获得甘肃中部地区旱作种植条件下合理的苜蓿收割制度参数,在陇西县文峰镇典型黄土高原丘陵山地,以秋眠级5级的三得利苜蓿为例,研究不同刈割次数与苜蓿产草量、鲜干比、茎叶比、越冬性能以及营养物质含量等几个主要经济性状的关系.结果表明:在保证苜蓿正常越冬的条件下,每年刈割4次和3次处理组比每年刈割2次的处理组产草量提高7.13...     

灌溉量对玉米生育后期脱水阶段子粒水分的影响

以玉米品种先玉335、九圣禾2468为试验材料,测定不同灌溉量处理的玉米生理成熟至田间收获期间子粒含水率的变化。结果表明,生育期等量灌溉和分配灌溉量试验,在9.0×10~4株/hm^2、12.0×10~4株/hm^2种植密度下,灌溉量增加使子粒含水量呈增加趋势,且脱水速率减慢。灌溉量从3 600 m^3/hm^2增至7 200 m^3/hm^2,子粒含水率分别增加0.94~2.87个百分点,差异达显著水平。灌溉量与种植密度双因素辅助试验,在种植密度6.0×10~4株/hm^2至13.5×10~4株/hm^2时,灌溉量从3 000 m^3/hm^2增至6 000 m^3/hm^2,子粒含水率分别增加1.60~5.00个百分点;在灌溉量3 000 m^3/hm^2和6 000 m^3/hm^2条件下,种植密度从6.0×10~4株/hm^2增至13.5×10~4株/hm^2,子粒含水率有差异,无明显增加或降低趋势;4 500 m3/hm^2灌溉量下各种植密度处理间的子粒含水率未表现出显著差异。     

灌水对强筋小麦籽粒产量及营养品质的影响

为明确水地强筋冬小麦高产、优质、高效的灌溉技术,试验设3个灌水时期8个灌溉处理［越冬期灌1水（W₁）,拔节期灌1水（W₂）,孕穗期灌1水（W₃）,越冬期和拔节期灌2水（W₁₂）,越冬期和孕穗期灌2水（W₁₃）,拔节期和孕穗期灌2水（W₂₃）,越冬期、拔节期和孕穗期灌3水（W₁₂3）,全生育期不灌水处理（CK）］,于小麦成熟期测定籽粒产量、总蛋白及其组分含量和淀粉含量。结果表明,与不灌水的CK比较,所有灌水处理的籽粒产量、有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、蛋白质产量以及籽粒淀粉含量均显著增加,但籽粒的总蛋白及其组分含量均呈不同程度降低（W₁处理除外）。越冬期灌水对有效穗数、籽粒产量、总蛋白及其组分含量、淀粉含量的提升作用较大;拔节期灌水对穗粒数的提升作用较大,但对淀粉含量的提升作用较小,对总蛋白及其组分含量的降低作用较大;孕穗期灌水对千粒重的提升作用较大,对蛋白质产量的提升作用较小。随着灌水次数增加,小麦籽粒产量显著提高,淀粉含量先显著提高后基本不变,而籽粒总蛋白及其组分含量降低。W₁₂3处理籽粒产量最高,其次是W₁₃处理;W₁处理籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量最高,其次是W₁₂及W₁₃处理;W₂₃处理淀粉含量最高,其次是W₁₂或W₁₃处理。综合各项指标,最好的灌水组合是越冬期和孕穗期灌2水（W₁₃）。     

西方近代大学的建立与发展:从单一走向多元

19世纪初到一战前西方社会在政治、经济、科学技术、文化、教育等领域发生的重大变革对近代高等教育产生深刻的影响,在时代的要求下近代大学从单一走向多元,表现在大学的职能、课程、学生身份和管理制度等方面。近代大学的建立和发展过程是与民族国家兴起相联系的过程;是世俗化的过程;是相互模仿借鉴和创新的过程。     

大棚蔬菜滴灌系统案例设计与分析

选取大棚蔬菜种植园为实例,根据当地的水文地质特征、水源条件、大棚分布以及蔬菜种植结构,详细计算并校核了滴灌系统的总体分布、灌溉均匀度、允许灌溉强度、设计湿润比、灌水器选择、毛管极限长度等设计标准参数。通过灌溉制度的制定,计算各级管道管径、水头损失,选择过滤器,确定水泵型号,完成了滴灌系统的整体设计。该滴灌设计案例分析过程详细,结果合理,可作为相关滴灌工程设计参考依据。