用加权有限差分—边界元耦合方法研究瞬态温度应力场问题

本文用加权有限差分－边界元耦合方法对瞬态温度应力场问题进行了研究，由于这种差分格式是无条件稳定的，合理选取加权因子值使计算在采用较大时间步长条件下仍可得到较精确的结果．文末计算了泵体的瞬态温度及其相应工作应力场（即内压和变温引起的应力场）．计算结果表明：采用该方法计算瞬态温度场，比有限元法未知量少，同时结果稳定，收敛性好，是一种简便有效的方法。     

修正加权汉明距离在土地质量分级中的应用

针对土地单元数据定性、高维、离散的特点,在土地质量分级的研究中,首次引进编码理论中“汉明距离”的概念,重新认识土地单元之间的距离,定义了土地单元之间距离的度量方法,并进一步采取投影寻踪的思想,得出“修正加权汉明距离”,用其作为实量土地单元之间“相似”或“指导”的统计量,采用该方法对北京市石质山区密云水库上游黄峪口小流域土地质量分级进行了尝试性应用.     

家蚕对交系间的遗传距离及其一代杂交种的杂种优势研究

杂种优势的表达机制是杂种优势利用的理论基础。以家蚕品种"芙蓉"和"菁松"为中系亲本,以"湘晖"和"872"为日系亲本,分别进行杂交并连续同蛾区交配和定向选择,获得了优良中系"芙菁"(D)和茧丝量性状有显著差异的2个日系家系"湘8A"(A)和"湘8C"(C)。F4代"A"、"C"与"D"的遗传距离差异较小;F6代"A"与"D"的遗传距离比"C"与"D"的遗传距离大。F4代用"D"分别与"A"和"C"组配杂交种的各项性状差异不明显;F8代则各项性状有明显的差异,且(D×A)F1表现出更好的生产性能优势;F4代、F8代以及(D×C)F1的杂种优势均大于(D×A)F1的杂种优势,但(D×A)F1的实际生产性能比(D×C)F1好。研究结果表明,采用DNA多态性遗传距离为依据组配的杂交组合,能够获得丰产性能更好的优良一代杂交组合。     

不同禽类核型似近系数聚类分析

对北京油鸡和金定鸭染色体核型进行了研究。结果表明:北京油鸡和金定鸭常染色体形态存在较大差异,北京油鸡的No.4、No.6和No.8染色体分别为st、sm型和m型染色体;而金定鸭的No.4、No.6和No.8染色体均为t型染色体;北京油鸡的Z、W染色体为m型染色体;而金定鸭的Z和W染色体分别为st型和t型染色体。此外,核型似近系数和进化距离聚类分析表明6种禽类可分为3类,Ⅰ类包括金定鸭和五龙鹅;Ⅱ类包括鹌鹑、石鸡和北京油鸡;而稚鸡单独成类,其结果与形态分类学和系统分类学大致相同。     

Mortality in rabbits transported for slaughter

During transport rabbits may be exposed to various stressors which can compromise both their welfare and meat quality. Mortality related to the commercial transport of rabbits for slaughter was analyzed in the Czech Republic in the period from 2009 to 2016. The overall transport‐related mortality of rabbits was 0.19%. Transport distance was found to have an impact on rabbit mortality; significantly (p < .001) greater losses were found in rabbits transported over longer distances. Mortality rates ranged from 0.02% in rabbits transported over distances of less than 50 km to 0.29% in rabbits transported over distances exceeding 400 km. A significantly (p < .001) increased risk was also associated with shipments in which 500 and more rabbits were delivered per batch. No effect of season was found. Our results show that rabbits can be transported within a wide range of temperatures (from ?5 to 19.9°C) with no negative impact on mortality in transit. However, journeys carried out at temperatures below ?5°C and above 20°C were associated with increased death losses (0.17% and 0.15%, respectively).     

新昌宫廷黄鸡遗传多样性及遗传结构分析

为研究新昌宫廷黄鸡的遗传多样性及遗传结构,本实验利用STR分型技术对新昌宫廷黄鸡在26个微卫星位点上的遗传多样性进行检测,并分析其与仙居鸡、萧山鸡、龙游麻鸡、丝羽乌骨鸡和白耳黄鸡的遗传距离。结果显示:新昌宫廷黄鸡平均有效等位基因数为4.03个,多态信息含量变幅为0.41～0.85,平均为0.67,观察杂合度平均为0.60,期望杂合度平均为0.72,Shannon信息指数平均为1.50,表明宫廷黄鸡26个遗传位点具有高度多态性,即该群体具有较高的遗传多样性;基于遗传距离NJ系统进化树将6个不同群体聚为两大簇,其中白耳黄鸡单独成一簇,其他5个品种聚为一簇,与宫廷黄鸡遗传距离从小到大依次为丝羽乌骨鸡、龙游麻鸡、萧山鸡、仙居鸡、白耳黄鸡,基于FCA分析结果与遗传距离NJ系统进化树结果一致。     

新疆地区降水分布的空间插值方法比较

利用新疆及周边地区的154个气象站点资料,采用反距离权重法(IDW)、普通克里金法(Kriging)、协同克里格法(Cokriging)、贝叶斯法(EBK)和ANUSPLIN软件5种方法,对新疆地区1995-2004年10年间的月降水量空间插值模拟结果进行了交叉检验。结果表明,在新疆地区,5种方法的插值精度表现为ANUSPLIN>Cokriging>EBK>Kriging>IDW,并随月份有所变化,平均绝对误差(MAE)和均方根误差(RMSE)表现为秋冬两季误差低于春夏两季,平均相对误差(MRE)的值在春季和秋季较高。与已建立的新疆的降水量分布格局进行比较发现,ANUSPLIN兼顾了插值曲面的准确度与平滑度,它较为准确地反映了新疆地区降水空间分布的特征,EBK法在4月和7月插值结果与实际偏差较大,而1月和10月插值效果较好,Cokriging法插值结果均质性较差,并不能反映新疆实际降水的空间分布。Kriging法在10月插值效果较好外,在其他3个月的插值效果不好,IDW法的最大值或者最小值主要分布在台站周围,与实际情况相差较远。     

Morphological and genetic diversity of Pura Raza Español horse with regard to the coat colour

Gene mutations influencing melanocytes also impact on physiological and behavioural functions. In this study, we investigated their association with four different coat colours in the Pura Raza Español (PRE) horse using morphological traits and molecular datasets. Four different subpopulations were identified according to individual coat colour: grey, bay, chestnut and black. Coat colour significantly associated with morphological measurements. Observed and expected heterozygosity values were low in grey compared with the other three subpopulations, suggesting the presence of unique ancestral alleles probably arisen by genetic drift and selection mechanism effects. Nei's distance demonstrated a clear division among subpopulations, the grey being the most divergent group. Gene flow estimates were similar, showing the lowest values in grey. Divergence times among subpopulations assessed with the average square distance suggested that grey was the original PRE population which diverged from bay, chestnut and black. Our results also demonstrated a clear morphological differentiation according to coat colour. The close genetic structure of bay and chestnut PRE subpopulations and the clear differences in most morphological traits of grey and chestnut PRE mares would suggest the pleiotropic effect of genomic regions determining coat colour in horses. However, further analysis including genomic information would be necessary to elucidate the mechanisms involved.     

应用IT-ISJ标记分析加工苹果品种的遗传关系

以鲁加1号(Malus domestica Borkh.‘Lujia 1’)等31个加工苹果品种为试材,采用IT-ISJ标记(Intron Targeted Intron-exon Splice Junction,内含子-外显子拼接位点标记)技术,分析了苹果品种的遗传关系。结果表明,供试的31个苹果品种的相似系数平均值为0.49,变异系数为0.49±0.37。其中,倭锦和邦扎相似系数最小,仅为0.26;鲁加2号和鲁加6号相似系数最大,达到了0.86。供试苹果品种中相似系数大于0.50的组合有182个,占供试组合总数的39.3%,而相似系数小于0.50的组合有283个,占供试组合总数的60.7%,说明供试苹果品种之间存在较大的遗传差异。