Distances Walked by Long Established and Newcomer Horses in an Open Stable System in Northern Germany

Group housing is claimed to possibly provide horses with a species-appropriate movement possibility, and hence, better welfare. Thus, this study analyzed the daily walked distances of 51 horses held in one group in a “HIT Active Stable” (Hinrichs Innovation + Technik) in Northern Germany by using global positioning system (GPS) technology during a 7 ½-month time span. The daily walking distances of the whole group, as well as newcomers, were investigated. The horses traveled an average of 8.43 km/day. Linear mixed models were applied. The observation day had a significant effect on the daily walking distances (P < .01) due to season and the available area per horse. The age as covariate also had a significant effect (P < .01). The breed had no significant effect (P = .96). No significant differences were found in sex (P = .69), which can be explained by the fact that only mares and geldings were investigated, which do not show increasing locomotion caused by sexual behavior as stallions do. On six of the first nine days, new horses moved significantly more compared to the remaining 24 of the 30 observation days directly after individuals’ inclusion. This is probably due to more exploration and rank-fighting behavior. Similar walking distances were seen among the horses on the single observation days because all horses had to travel the same distance to reach resources. Further, it is suspected that not all horses can sufficiently live out their urges to move, especially in winter, when pasture is inaccessible.     

当前远程实验教学的现状及对策

远程实验教学在远程教育中起着重要作用,是远程教育深入发展和构建学习型社会的需要,是实施素质教育、培养创新意识和实践能力的重要环节。但由于多种原因,远程实验教学在远程教育中还是一个薄弱环节,存在许多问题。要想促进远程教育的深入发展,提高远程实验教学的质量,就必需解决远程实验教学现状。     

不同动物对醉马草种子扩散的影响

动物通过皮毛携带、搬运等方式对种子在空间上的扩散产生不同影响,是植物种子实现远距离扩散的重要途径。以草原毒害草醉马草（Achnatherum inebrians）为研究材料,采用野外模拟及控制性试验,测定了马、牛、羊皮毛附着和保留种子的能力,以及鼠类、蚂蚁对种子的搬运能力,分析动物对醉马草种子的扩散规律。结果表明,马、牛、羊模型种子的附着率：羊 > 牛 > 马（P<0.05）,种子掉落率：羊 < 牛 < 马（P<0.05）;随着行走天数的延长,种子在马、牛、羊皮毛上的附着率呈下降趋势。马的背部以及牛、羊的背、侧部最易附着种子;种子的侧部最易附着在皮毛上,以种子顶部附着的种子最不易掉落。24 h内鼠类、蚂蚁对种子的扩散范围分别为0~15 cm和0~40 cm。综上所述,家畜对醉马草种子起到远距离扩散作用,且羊比马、牛更容易增加种子的扩散强度。蚂蚁、鼠类对醉马草种子起到短距离扩散作用。     

Using of AFLP Marker to Predict the Hybrid Yield and Yield Heterosis in Rice

利用AFLP分子标记对46个水稻品种进行遗传多样性分析,继而研究分子标记遗传距离与按照NC设计获得的195个杂交组合的产量及特殊配合力的相关性,探讨预测杂种优势的可能性。结果表明:(1)通过UPGMA聚类分析(图3),可将供试材料分为16个类群,并把来源不明的品种(系)划分到相应类群中,从而对这些材料进行初步鉴定。可见,AFLP分子标记是检测类内品种间遗传差异的有效方法,为水稻品种(系)亲本选配提供理论依据。(2)分子标记遗传距离与杂种产量优势、F1产量、特殊配合力之间都呈显著正相关,相关系数介于0.3235-0.7713之间。但相关程度还不足以预测杂种优势。增效座位和减效座位以及使用与杂种优势有关的QTL连锁标记位点可能提高杂种优势的预测能力,但最终解决,将依赖于杂种优势遗传机理的研究。     

THE STUDY OF SINGLE CHIP COMPUTER BASED SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT DISTANCE PROTECTION

In this paper, a new microcomputer distance protection scheme with high property-cost ratio has been approached. The paper presents the performance equations based on the symmetrical components of current and voltage, proposes a new (1,a) coordinate plane and derives a Fourier symmetrical component algorithem with high accuracy and less calculation amount on the (1,a) plane. The protection program is debugged on the developing system of single chip computer. The digital imitation tests indicate that the proposed relaying system is satisfactory.     

A New Solution to Reduce Blocking Artifacts Introduced by Standard Fractal Methods

Fractal image coding techniques usually partition the input image into small range blocks. This artificially introduces boundaries into the image resulting in the unpleasant blocking artifacts in the decoded images especially at high compression rate. Because the effect is especially responsible for the restrictions of the block-based coders, the solutions must be sought to reduce this blockiness. Recently two possible schemes have been proposed by other researchers: One may try to use overlapping blocks in the fractal transform, and the other to employ the combined fractal wavelet approach. An alternative solution is proposed, which employs the bilinear interpolation techniques and the resolution independence of fractal coding, in the sense that an image can be decoded at higher or lower resolutions than the original. Experiments show that the proposed scheme can eliminate the blocking artifacts.     

Comparison of DC Pollution Flashover Performance of Various Types of Long String Insulators

With the development of EHV/UHV DC transmission projects, it is inevitable to study DC pollution flashover performance of long insulator strings. The DC artificial pollution tests of five types of porcelain and glass insulators have been carried out in the artificial climate chamber. The paper analyzes the relationship between 50% flashover voltage U50 and string length, the relationship between U50 and salt deposit density, flashover voltage gradients and valid creepage distances of DC polluted insulators. Based on the test results of insulator strings of 5 - 23 units, there are linear relationship between the 50% DC flashover voltages and string length. The experimental results show that the pollution flashover performances of various types of insulators are different, and that the pollution degree exponents of polluted insulators are affected ainsulator materials and shapes, whose values are 0.3 to 0.36. Under the same pollution degree, the pollution performances of glass insulators have advantage of those of porcelain insulators with the same configuration and the flashover voltage gradient along creepage distance and valid creepage distances of glass insulators are higher than those of porcelain insulators.     

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF FUZZY EVALUATION METHOD FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

The problem of fuzzy evaluation of environmental pollution is importantboth in environment science and in environmental protection.Usual evaluationmethods have their own characteristics.This paper puts forward a mathematicalmodel of fuzzy evaluation method in grades by means of systematic analysisfor environmental pollution.At the same time,it assigns weighted values byordering based on paired comparison.     

活塞中凸型线数控加工的一种逼近方法

针对发动机活塞纵剖面型线的不规则性,提出了采用3次样条插值和双圆弧拟合相结合逼近加工曲线的方法,推导出了适用于计算机编程的3次样条插值计算公式;分析了双圆弧拟合的原理,并对逼近误差进行分析,满足了加工拟合曲线的要求。