不同种昆虫病原线虫对同一寄主个体的竞争及对线虫繁殖的影响

采用注射侵染和自然侵染法，测试了长尾斯氏线虫X-7品系、小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系和嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系对同一寄主大蜡螟幼虫的相互作用，及其对线虫繁殖的影响。结果表明，无论是注射侵染还是自然侵染法，对大蜡螟幼虫个体的致死竞争能力最强的是长尾斯氏线虫，其次是小卷蛾斯氏线虫，嗜菌异小杆线虫的致死能力最弱。在同一大蜡螟幼虫体内时。异小杆线虫的繁殖受斯氏线虫的不利影响较大，而两种斯氏线虫的繁殖受异小杆线虫的不利影响较小。两种斯氏线虫对各自的繁殖影响不大。     

基于空间自相关构建树木生长模型

2004—2008年，在日本九州地区宫崎县田野天然次生林内设置的一块100 m×100 m固定标准地中，通过每木调查，测量了固定标准地内树木的种类、空间位置、生长等数据。为了便于理解，以固定标准地中优势树种蚊母树为主要研究对象，在考虑周边所有树木的影响的同时，利用贝叶斯统计方法分析了空间自相关及树木间的对称竞争、非对称竞争对树木生长过程的影响，并比较了忽略空间自相关的情况。结果表明:在构建研究对象树种的生长模型时，树木个体间的竞争是不可缺少的参数，尤其是个体间的对称竞争。在利用空间自相关参数建模时，最终模型的决定系数R2＝0.83；而忽略空间自相关参数的模型，其决定系数R2＝0.74。通过其他主要树种的分析也表明了导入空间自相关参数的优越性，因此可以认为，考虑空间自相关的随机效应模型能更精确地预测树木的生长。本研究所采用的空间自相关模型不仅可以利用树木个体的分布信息推测其生态学特征，还为树木生长模拟提供了理论与方法上的借鉴。      

Tolerance of four spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties to weed harrowing

We investigated the tolerance to weed harrowing of four spring barley varieties and examined the possible interactions between varietal weed suppressive ability and two nutrient levels. Tolerance was defined as the combined effect of crop resistance (ability to resist soil covering) and crop recovery (the ability to recover in terms of yield). The weed harrowing strategy was a combination of one pre‐ and one post‐emergence weed harrowing. In terms of yield, the four varieties responded significantly differently to weed harrowing and the response depended on nutrient level. At the lower nutrient level, weed harrowing caused an increase in yield of 4.4 hkg ha⁻¹ for a strong competitor (cv. Otira), while there was no effect on yield at the higher nutrient level. For a weaker competitor (cv. Brazil), weed harrowing caused no change in yield at the lower nutrient level, whereas yield decreased by 6.0 hkg ha⁻¹ at the higher nutrient level. There were marked differences between the weed suppressive ability of the four varieties when not harrowed, with less pronounced but significant differences when harrowed. Weed harrowing did not change the weed suppressive ability of a variety. Varieties that are tall at post‐emergence harrowing and have increased density after pre‐emergence harrowing, are the ones that benefit most from weed harrowing.     

Comparison of uptake of different N forms by soil microorganisms and two wet-grassland plants: A pot study

Two common plant species of temperate wet grasslands, Carex acuta and Glyceria maxima, were tested for their preferences in the uptake of different nitrogen (N) sources (amino acid, ammonium, nitrate) and their ability to compete for these sources with soil microorganisms. The experiment was a one-day incubation study with plants growing in soil obtained from the field, which was supplied with a solution containing the three N sources, one at a time labeled with ¹⁵N. The bulk of the N demand of both species was covered by nitrate-N, which was the dominant N form in the soil at the time of the experiment. Ammonium-N was taken up less strongly, and organic N formed only a negligible part of their nutrition. The assimilated inorganic N was preferentially transported to apical meristem of the youngest leaf, while organic N remained mostly in the roots. The fast-growing Glyceria took up more N and was a better competitor vis-à-vis soil microbes for rarer N forms than Carex. However, both plants were poor competitors for N vis-à-vis soil microbes, irrespective of the N form. Microbes took up nitrate ca. five times faster and organic N more than a hundred times faster than plants. Correspondingly, the calculated turnover time of microbial N was 17 days, compared to 40 days for N in plant roots. A significant amount of added ¹⁵N was found at non-exchangeable sites in the soil, which points to the importance of microbial N transformation and abiotic N fixation for N retention in soil. In summary, the preferential assimilation of inorganic N by the wetland plants studied here and their poor ability to compete for N with soil microbes over the short term agree with the results of studies carried out with other species from temperate grasslands.     

基于技能竞赛培养高职学生创新能力的探索

高职学生技能竞赛有着日常教学无法起到的特殊教育功能,对培养学生创新能力,精细化人才培养过程,提高教学水平,具有独特的、不可替代的作用。搭建基于技能竞赛平台的大学生创新能力培养新模式,旨在建立长效的工作机制,形成技能竞赛系列化、规范化和品牌化,并使技能竞赛成为创新能力培养的有效途径。     

竞争种群最优开发与管理的生态经济模型

建立了具有竞争关系的2资源种群开发与管理的生态经济模型,给出了开发多种资源种群时应遵循的基本原则,详细地说明了该模型所隐含的生态经济意义.认为要使相互竞争的多个种群能够共存,就必须以适当的力度开发资源种群,且这种开发力度要取决于种群的生态学特征.     

论广告创新的动力

创新是广告的核心和灵魂。广告的创新动力源自设计主体的内在需要和市场竞争、科技进步、产权制度等外在环境的激励。理性分析设计创新的动力,有助于我们进一步挖掘广告的创新潜能,改善环境的激励机制,激发广告创新的活力。     

Impact of weedy rice populations on the growth and yield of direct-seeded and transplanted rice

To examine the impact of weedy rice ( Oryza sativa L. f. spontanea ) populations on the growth and yield of direct-seeded and transplanted rice ( Oryza sativa ), a field experiment with a random two-factor design that included cultivation methods (direct-seeding and transplanting) and the density of weedy rice (0, 5, 25, and 125 plants per m²) was conducted. The data from the experiment showed that weedy rice had a significantly poorer performance in the direct-seeded fields than in the transplanted fields in terms of its vegetative (plant height) and reproductive traits (panicle and seed production). In contrast, with the interference of weedy rice, cultivated rice showed an improved performance in the direct-seeded fields than in the transplanted fields, with a significantly higher tiller production and grain yield. The results suggest that cultivated rice can tolerate more successfully the infestation of weedy rice in direct-seeded fields because of its enhanced competitive ability compared to that in transplanted fields.     

祁连山浅山区金露梅群落种间关系及其分布格局

通过对祁连山浅山区金露梅群落特征、种间关系及分布格局的分析 ,结果表明 :浅山区金露梅群落相对重要值为 10 4 .2 8% ,频度为 92 .0 0 % ,为主要优势种 ;群落内种间关系关联性不强 ,分布状况受环境条件影响而独立地分享环境资源 ,种群间相互影响小 ;经各种群分布格局的检验 ,祁连山浅山区大多数种群呈聚集分布 ,有利于种群的生存和发展。     

Process studies in aPinus radiata-pasture agroforestry system in a subhumid temperature environment. I. Water use and light interception in the third year

In this study we determined soil moisture storage, evapotranspiration (ET) and light interception in an agroforestry trial consisting of pine trees grown over (1) control (bare ground), (2) ryegrass/clovers (Lolium perene/Trifolium spp.), (3) lucerne (Medicago sativa), and (4) ryegrass only during the third growing season between 1992 and 1993. The results show that: