昆虫双胸复合体(BX-C)基因研究进展

双胸复合体(BX-C)作为Hox基因簇的两个复合体之一,包括Ultrabithorax(Ubx)、abdominal-A(abd-A)、Abdominal-B(Abd-B)3个基因及其间的顺式调控区域,在动物躯体模式的发育过程中具有重要作用。昆虫双胸复合体基因主要规定其后胸及腹部形态的特异性,通过与其上、下游靶基因一起或以自身基因间的相互调控作用行使功能。本文以模式昆虫果蝇为主,结合家蚕、蝴蝶、赤拟谷盗等,对双胸复合体在昆虫体节规定、附件发育及内部器官分化等过程中的作用与基因间的相互调控关系进行了综述。     

Potential environmental consequences of administration of ectoparasiticides to sheep

Sheep ectoparasiticides, which include the synthetic pyrethroids, the organophosphates, the 'insect'-growth regulators, the formamidines and the spinocyns, enter into the environment primarily through disposal of dip or fleece scours, as well as with contaminated faeces and urine. Due to the large quantities of spent dip, risks associated with environmental contamination are high. Synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates pose risks to dung, soil and aquatic fauna; concerns over potential ecotoxicity to vertebrates and invertebrates have resulted in the cessation of their use in many countries. There is very little information regarding the ecotoxicity of 'insect'-growth regulators, formamidines or spinocyns, with no studies focussing on sheep. Here, the impact of sheep ectoparasiticides is discussed in terms of their potential to enter into the environment, their toxicity and their impact on ecosystem functioning. Where there are no data for excretion or toxicity of the ectoparasiticides used in sheep production, examples to demonstrate potential impacts are taken from laboratory ecotoxicity tests and the cattle literature, as well on work with foliar insecticides. Future research priorities are suggested to allow assessment of the environmental consequences of sheep ectoparasiticide treatments, which are essential for future sustainable sheep production.     

阿坝州花椒蛀干害虫调查研究

对阿坝州花椒人工林蛀干害虫进行了较全面的调查.结果表明：阿坝州椒树受蛀干害虫危害严重,平均危害率85.2％,全州椒树平均寿命不超过8年.蛀干害虫种类复杂,主要有嫩枝天牛、虎斑天牛、台湾狭天牛、椒树长足象鼻虫等.随着海拔的不同,蛀干害虫的分布有较大差异.低海拔区以嫩枝天牛、椒树长足象鼻虫为主,高海拔区则以虎斑天牛、台湾狭天牛为主.     

Growth patterns of Italian ryegrass cultivars established in different seasons

Abstract

A comparison is made between various Italian ryegrass cultivars established under irrigation on a well‐drained upland site during the traditional autumn months, with plantings of the same cultivars at other times of the year.

The dates on which pastures could be utilized for the first time, their relative growth patterns as well as weed infestation, flowering behaviour and persistency, were investigated. Some herbage quality determinations were also made.

February plantings are considered the most favourable for maximum late autumn, winter and spring production. First utilization following late autumn/winter plantings is, however, delayed considerably with the onset of cold weather. Late winter/early spring plantings, on the other hand, delay flowering for up to 16 months and the biennial growth pattern indicates vigorous growth immediately after planting, the possibility of variable late summer production followed by extremely poor autumn and winter production. This casts serious doubt on the merit of such a practice at the total exclusion of the traditional autumn plantings. Summer weed infestation from such spring plantings also gave cause for concern.     

Four Decades of Breeding for Varietal Improvement of Irrigated Lowland Rice in the International Rice Research Institute

Abstract

Since the establishment of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1960, IRRI’s breeding effort in varietal improvement for irrigated lowland has passed four decades. Breeding of semi-dwarf rice varieties such as IR8 at IRRI during first decade from 1960 to 1969 resulted in quantum leaps in yield potential, which marked the green revolution in Asia. During the second decade from 1970 to 1979, the primary emphasis of rice improvement has been directed towards incorporation of multiple disease and insect resistance and shortening of growth duration. Grain quality was the main target of crop improvement at IRRI during the third decade from 1980 to 1989. The fourth decade from 1990 to 1999 and beyond was focused again on the improvement of yield potential by developing hybrid rice and new plant type. Up to 1999, 46 indica inbred varieties and 2 indica/indica hybrid rice varieties were developed by IRRI and released in the Philippines for the irrigated lowland rice systems. Large-scale adoption of these improved varieties under modern crop management practices has resulted in a dramatic increase in rice production in major rice-growing countries. The hybrid varieties between indicas increased yield potential by 9% under the tropical conditions. New plant type (NPT) breeding has not yet resulted in an increase in yield potential. The second generation NPT developed by crossing tropical japonica with indica has demonstrated some promising results in terms of improvements in yield potential, disease and insect resistance, and grain quality.     

昆虫实践在生物技术专业实验教学改革中的应用

结合昆虫学领域的发展现状,将昆虫实践应用于生物技术专业实验课程的教学改革中。通过对生物技术专业实验环节进行教学改革,及时更新教育教学的发展思路,将科研与教学有机结合,昆虫实践已在教学中取得良好的反馈效果。通过对昆虫实验教学环节的改革,优化了实验指导方法,通过电化教学与昆虫学实践研究相融合,调动学生学习实验课程的主动性,激发学生的学习热情,注重学生动手能力的培养,大大提高了昆虫实验课的教学质量。     

我国虫子鸡产业的现状和展望

综述了虫子鸡的概念和发展历史,从发展规模、销售、效益、养殖模式、饲料配方等方面阐述了虫子鸡产业的现状,分析了虫子鸡产业的销售技巧和养殖效益、饲料配方和养殖成本、养殖技术和管理水平等方面的问题,并提出了相应的对策,最后展望了虫子鸡产业的发展前景。     

Susceptibility of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mearnsii seedlings to five Phytophthora species common in South African plantations

Eucalyptus grandis and its hybrids, as well as Acacia mearnsii, are important non‐native trees commonly propagated for forestry purposes in South Africa. In this study, we conducted pathogenicity trials to assess the relative importance of five commonly isolated Phytophthora spp. (Phytophthora alticola, P. cinnamomi, P. frigida, P. multivora and P. nicotianae) from the plantation environment on E. grandis and A. mearnsii seedlings. Overall E. grandis was more susceptible to the tested Phytophthora spp. than A. mearnsii. Phytophthora cinnamomi was the only pathogen that had a significant negative effect on both the host tree species, leading to a reduction in root and shoot weight as well as to death in the case of E. grandis. Phytophthora alticola and P. nicotianae exclusively affected E. grandis and A. mearnsii, respectively. This study updated the current knowledge on the pathogenicity of Phytophthora spp. on two important non‐native commercially propagated tree species from South Africa.     

成都平原西缘笋用竹病虫害种类与分布

为了查明笋用竹病虫害种类及分布危害,为保障笋用竹产业发展和产品安全提供基础信息,采用踏查和标准地调查结合,并辅以灯诱的方法,对成都市主要笋用竹基地以及部分景区和社区竹林地病虫害开展了全面调查。结果显示,成都市笋用竹病虫害共45种,其中害虫38种,病害7种;对危害面积较大的病虫害分布和危害情况进行了分析,提出成都市笋用竹病虫害防控建议。     

Occurrence pattern and morphological polymorphism of Chinese weedy rice

Rice, the main food crop in China, has been sporadically reported to suffer from weedy rice infestation. However, the overall occurrence and distribution pattern of Chinese weedy rice remains unclear because a systematic survey has not been conducted. In order to reveal the infestation of Chinese weedy rice, a field survey was conducted in 999 sampling sites all over the rice-growing regions in China from 2009 to 2016 using seven-scale visual scoring of the level of weed infestation. Weedy rice was found 39% occurrence incidence in a total of 387 sites. The sampling sites with 50% or higher overall weedy rice infestation index mainly radiated from Jiangsu, Heilongjiang, Ningxia and Guangdong to the whole East China, Northeast China, Northwest China and South China. A total of 45 morphological characters from 287 populations (collected simultaneously with the field survey) out of those occurred sites were observed and analyzed using multivariate analysis in common gardens with the same cultivation conditions in 2017 and 2019. Canonical correlation analysis showed that 45 morphological characters were significantly related to the latitude, mean temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation and mean diurnal range factors. The 287 weedy rice populations were divided into three morphological groups with climate-dependent geographical differentiation: strong tiller type only in Jiangsu, large leaf type in South China and Central China and large grain type mainly in North China. Weedy rice seriously infested rice fields and had a geography, climate and cultivated rice type-dependent morphological and biotype differentiation in China. It is suggested to pay attention to the harmfulness of weedy rice and adopt comprehensive control strategies.