大麦与簇毛麦杂交有性过程的研究

簇毛麦花粉粒在大麦柱头上的萌发,花粉管在花柱中的生长以及双受精过程均基本正常,但受精过程的时间以及胚和胚乳初期发育的过程,均较自交的缓慢。授粉后36～48小时,杂交合子进行第一次有丝分裂,形成两个细胞的原胚。授粉后8天,多数杂交原胚的细胞开始解体。授粉后5～6小时,杂交的初生胚乳核进行第一次有丝分裂。授粉后6天,胚乳游离核开始解体,比原胚败育早。因此在授粉后6～7天将尚未败育的杂交原胚进行离体培养也许是较为合适的时期。     

鹅掌楸属杂交测定初步分析研究

鹅掌楸属杂交测定林的生长状况进行分析,结果表明5 a生树高、胸径、材积年平均生长量为1.92 m,2.5 cm,0.009 2 m3;生长最快杂交组合是T11×C8,其平均年生长量分别为2.39 m,3.4 cm和0.018 3 m3。3个生长性状杂交组合间都呈极显著的差异,为优良杂交组合的选择奠定基础。树高、胸径和材积的杂交组合(家系)遗传力分别为0.501,0.631和0.687,分别进行优良杂交组合选择,其现实遗传增益为16.3%,32.9%和116.1%。几种交配模式之间的材积生长比较结果是T×CC×TT自由授粉C自由授粉C×CT×S。优良杂交组合T11×C8、T12×C8、C9×T12的杂种优势率分别为108.7%,64.3%和110.7%。     

Frequency and fertility restoration efficiency of Rf3 and Rf4 genes in Indian rice

Identification of new parental lines is crucial for developing ecology‐specific hybrids with ideal agronomic performance. We screened a total of 570 different ecology‐specific Indian rice varieties for the presence of fertility restorer genes, Rf3 and Rf4 using tightly linked markers DRRM Rf3‐10 and RM6100, respectively. Among these varieties, 13% carried Rf3Rf3/Rf4Rf4, 31% carried rf3rf3/rf4rf4, 6% carried Rf3Rf3/rf4rf4 and remaining 50% carried Rf4Rf4/rf3rf3 allelic combinations. A mini set of 40 varieties with variable allelic combinations of fertility restorer genes were testcrossed with WA and Kalinga‐based CMS lines. All the 80 F₁s were evaluated for spikelet fertility and fertility restoration ability. Rf3Rf3/rf4rf4 genotypes mostly behaved as partial maintainers or partial restorers. In contrast, rf3rf3/Rf4Rf4 genotypes were partial or effective restorers. However, double dominant genotypes showed better fertility restoration than the genotypes containing Rf3 or Rf4 individually. Some of the genotypes showed unexpected restoration pattern implying occurrence of other fertility restorer(s) apart from Rf3 and Rf4. The perfect restorers and maintainers identified in this study can be directly used in hybrid rice breeding.     

Genomic prediction for yields,processing and nutritional quality traits in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Current potato breeding approaches are hampered by several factors including costly seed tubers, tetrasomic inheritance and inbreeding depression. Genomic selection (GS) demonstrated interesting results regardless of the ploidy level, and can be harnessed to circumvent these problems. In this work, three GS models were evaluated using 50,107 informative SilicoDArT markers and 11 traits in two values for cultivation and use (VCU) potato trials. Two key breeding problems modelled included predicting the performance of (i) new and unphenotyped clones (cross‐validation) and (ii) a VCU using another as training set (TS). GS models performed comparably. Cross‐validation accuracy was high for D35, D45, DMW and BVAL, in ascending order. Prediction accuracies of the VCUs were highly correlated, but the best prediction was obtained for the smaller VCU using the bigger as TS. Cross‐validation and VCU prediction accuracies were higher when bigger TSs were used. The findings herein indicate that GS can be attractively integrated in potato breeding, particularly in early clonal generations to predict and select for traits with low heritability which would otherwise require more testing years, environments and resources.     

玉米自交系414配合力及杂优模式分析

414又名(4A、A6),是江苏沿江地区农业科学研究所利用国内外优良自交系,采用独创的“分离小群体选系”方法育成的早熟紧凑型玉米自交系[1]。以其作亲本,先后育成苏玉8号、苏玉9号、苏玉10号、苏玉13号和苏玉14号5个玉米新品种,占江苏自育饲用玉米品种数的1/4左右。其中苏玉9号(414×812)“九五”期间在生产上累计种植2×106hm2,获2001年江苏省科技进步二等奖;苏玉10号(414×75)先后通过国家和江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定,现正在江苏省及中国东南玉米种植区大面积应用。414已成为江苏玉米育种与生产上最重要的自交系之一。为此,有必要探…     

基于图像特征选择识别田间籽棉品级

依据中国籽棉品级文字标准,在HSI颜色空间提取了反映籽棉颜色和杂质含量的14个纹理特征以及反映棉瓣大小、结构的16个形状特征,该特征集存在维数灾难,需要进行降维。面向籽棉品级识别的特征选择问题属于非多项式(NP)难题,该文基于交叉验证、混合Filter-Wrapper和启发式搜索提出了一种求解算法。首先,以最优特征组合和浮动搜索为启发式搜索策略,基于10-折交叉验证在每一个训练集上用Filter启发式搜索最优l维特征子集（l=1, 2, 3,…, 30）,评价函数为类可分性准则;其次,在10个训练集上用Wrapper从最优l维特征子集中选择最优特征子集的容量（l=1,2,3,…,30）,评价函数为Bayes分类器的误分率,10个验证集的平均误分率极小处产生最优特征子集的容量;最后,在最优特征子集容量处验证预测集的平均误分率。结果表明,所选择的10个最优特征子集在预测集上的平均识别率为88.39%,混合Filter-Wrapper和浮动搜索的特征选择算法效率高、效果好。     

六盘山不全变态类昆虫区系研究

本文在考证大量文献资料和定名标本基础上整理出六盘山不全变态类昆虫名录,共计12目70科236属382种。采用二元相似性系数公式SI=C/（A＋B-C）对该区昆虫的区系特征及其相互间关系进行了分析。最后以下初步结论：六盘山不全变态类昆虫在世界动物地理区系中,突出古北区成分,共计219种,占已知总数的57.33%,古北界＋东洋界混合成分次之,共计122种,占31.94%;在中国动物地理区系中,华北动物区成分113种,占29.58%,其他成分由高到低依次为：蒙新区〉东北区〉西南区〉青藏区〉华中区〉华南区,表明该区昆虫在区系组成上的特殊性。     

荷包红鲤与德国镜鲤正反杂交组遗传结构的微卫星分析

用11对微卫星引物对两个杂交组合（荷包红鲤♀×德国镜鲤♂,德国镜鲤♀×荷包红鲤♂）的遗传结构进行了分析。结果表明：11对引物均能表现很好的多态性,可用作两个杂交组合遗传结构的分析,且得到的MFW 30可以用来鉴别正反杂交组的双亲;正反杂交组多态信息含量（PIC）均值分别为0.5072和0.5359,属高度多态性;子代的有效等位基因数分别为2.6594和2.9211,均大于母本而小于父本;在反交组子代中杂合度为0.9212,要高出双亲,正交组中为0.7515,介于双亲之间,均显示出子代的高遗传变异水平;Hardy-Weinberg平衡的卡方检测发现,正反杂交子代分别有8个和10个位点发生大幅度偏离平衡;双亲间遗传距离正交组为0.2699,反交组为0.3578,显示出能产生杂交优势的潜力且正交组要低于反交组;UPGMA聚类图显示,子代在正交组中与母本近,在反交组中与父本近,两者都提示杂交子代与荷包红鲤的亲缘关系较近。