Filling a blank on the map: 60 years of fisheries in Equatorial Guinea

Despite a scarcity of pertinent information, it has been possible to reconstruct time series of marine fisheries catches for Equatorial Guinea from 1950 to 2010 using per capita fish consumption and population numbers for small‐scale fisheries, catch rates and number of vessels for industrial fisheries and discard rates to estimate the discarded bycatch. Small‐scale fisheries, industrial large‐scale fisheries, domestic and legal and illegal foreign fisheries and their discards are all included. Total catches were estimated at 2.7 million tonnes over the time period considered, of which 653 000 t were caught domestically compared to 187 000 t reported by FAO. This shows that fisheries have more importance for Equatorial Guinea's food security than the official data suggest. In contrast to what is suggested by official figures, fisheries were shown to be strongly impacted by civil and political unrest; notably, they declined overall because of civil and political conflicts, socio‐demographic dynamics, and a growing role of the newly discovered oil resources, which directly and indirectly threaten the food security of the people of Equatorial Guinea.     

贵州纳雍县土壤侵蚀遥感调查与GIS空间数据分析

以GIS(地理信息系统)与遥感理论为基础,把GIS管理、分析地理空间数据、信息的功能与遥感技术收集地表空间数据、信息的功能有机地结合起来,应用于纳雍县的土壤侵蚀调查中,不仅能得出比传统调查方法更精确的结果,而且比传统的方法更快速、更节约人力、物力和财力。在调查结束后,从本次调查的结果与1987年侵蚀统计数据比较中得出,纳雍县的土壤侵蚀面积在减少,水土流失治理取得了一定的成果。     

Where do you think you’re going? Accounting for ontogenetic and climate‐induced movement in spatially stratified integrated population assessment models

Understanding spatial population structure and biocomplexity is critical for determining a species’ resilience to environmental and anthropogenic perturbations. However, integrated population models (IPMs) used to develop management advice for harvested populations have been slow to incorporate spatial dynamics. Therefore, limited research has been devoted to understanding the reliability of movement parameter estimation in spatial population models, especially for spatially dynamic marine fish populations. We implemented a spatial simulation–estimation framework that emulated a generic marine fish metapopulation to explore the impact of ontogenetic movement and climate‐induced distributional shifts between two populations. The robustness of spatially stratified IPMs was explored across a range of movement parametrizations, including ignoring connectivity or estimating movement with various levels of complexity. Ignoring connectivity was detrimental to accurate estimation of population‐specific biomass, while implementing spatial IPMs with intermediate levels of complexity (e.g. estimating movement in two‐year and two‐age blocks) performed best when no a priori information about underlying movement was available. One‐way distributional shifts mimicking climate‐induced poleward migrations presented the greatest estimation difficulties, but the incorporation of auxiliary information on connectivity (e.g. tag‐recapture data) reduced bias. The continued development of spatially stratified modelling approaches should allow harvested resources to be better utilized without increased risk. Additionally, expanded collection and incorporation of unique spatially explicit data will enhance the robustness of IPMs in the future.     

Spatial and non-spatial risk factors associated with cage-level distribution of infectious salmon anaemia at three Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farms in Maine, USA

The distribution of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) was examined among 80 cages from three Atlantic salmon grow-out farms in Maine, USA that were stocked with smolts from a single hatchery. Cage-level disease was broadly defined as one or more moribund fish testing positive for infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) by RT-PCR and a second confirmatory test (IFAT, culture or genotype sequence). Spatio-temporal and cage-level risks were explored using logistic regression and survival analysis. Non-spatial risk factors associated with ISA, or shortened survival time to disease, included increased predation, trucking company choice for smolt transfers, a finely-sedimented benthic substrate, and smaller average size of smolts at stocking. Univariable analysis identified the time-dependent spatial factor 'adjacency to newly infected cages' to be predictive of new infection in neighbouring cages 11-12 weeks later. However, none of the spatial factors, or their lags retained relevance in multiple-variable models. The results suggest a diffuse distribution of virus exposure throughout infected sites, with host-susceptibility factors probably influencing disease manifestation in individual cages. The narrow focus of the current study may limit application of the findings to other sites and year-classes. However, these data support the relevance of husbandry efforts to optimize fish health in regions affected by ISAV.     

Novel insights into the marine phase and river fidelity of anadromous twaite shad Alosa fallax in the UK and Ireland

1. Most research on anadromous fishes has been invested in their freshwater life‐phases, resulting in a relatively sparse understanding of their spatial ecology during marine life‐phases. However, understanding the marine dispersal of anadromous fishes is essential to identify threats and to implement conservation measures that fully encompass their lifecycle.
2. The twaite shad Alosa fallax is an anadromous fish increasingly imperilled across its range due to pollution, harvesting, and impediments to freshwater migration, but little is known about its distribution and movements during its marine life‐phase. Here, the application of acoustic telemetry provided novel insights into the coastal dispersal of twaite shad in the UK and Ireland during 2018–2019, and the freshwater entry of individuals during the 2019 spawning season.
3. Of 73 twaite shad acoustic‐tagged during their upstream migration in the River Severn in May 2018, 58 emigrated from the river. Twelve were subsequently detected 200 km to the south‐west at the Taw–Torridge Estuary between July 2018 and April 2019, where estuarine movements up to 5.8 km inland occurred in summer, winter, and spring. One was subsequently detected in the Munster Blackwater Estuary (Ireland) and then in the River Severn, indicating a minimum movement distance of 950 km. Thirty‐four (59%) of the emigrating individuals from 2018 re‐entered fresh water in the rivers Severn (n = 33) and Wye (n = 2) in April and May 2019.
4. These results suggest year‐round use of estuarine and nearshore habitats by at least a subset of the twaite shad population during their marine phase, providing evidence of potential range overlap between populations that spawn in different areas in the UK and Ireland, which may be facilitated by substantial dispersal. The results also highlight the potential of telemetry for estimating freshwater and marine mortality, and the benefits of sharing detection data across networks.

     

一种基于三维激光扫描系统测量树冠体积方法的研究——以油松为例

树冠体积在林业及其他领域得到越来越广泛的应用.该文介绍了三维激光扫描系统的组成、工作原理及工作流程;探讨了应用三维激光扫描系统,通过扫描获取单株树木的三维空间点阵数据,将树冠近似为多个圆台体,求它们的体积之和来计算树冠体积的方法.并在甘肃省小陇山林业局党川林场以油松为例进行了实验,而后对实测数据进行了精度分析,取得了较为满意的结果.研究表明,利用三维激光扫描系统测量树冠体积具有较强的实践意义和应用价值.     

用VB从A文件提取雷电资料并写入EXCEL表

做雷电研究需要地面气象数据资料,而现有的地面气象资料以文本形式存在,无法进行数据查询、统计、计算等,因而不能满足雷电统计及相关性分析的需求。为了解决此问题,利用Visual Basic 6.0编程实现了自动从地面气象观测数据文件(简称为A文件)中提取雷暴等所需数据并写入Excel表的功能,提取结果可按单站、单要素输出,从而为雷电研究提供了可操作的基础气象数据,为雷电服务工作提供了便利。     

基于三维激光点云的树木胸径自动提取方法

胸径是评价林木生长状况的重要参数之一。针对接触式人工测量自动化程度低和基于点云的现有算法提取树木胸径精度不高的问题,提出一种基于点云数据的自动准确获取树木胸径的新方法。该方法以树木点云数据为基础,运用蚁群算法和B样条曲线拟合技术,实现树木胸径的自动准确提取。对实验区树木测量计算,结果表明,利用该方法提取树木胸径的均方根误差为±0.19 cm,平均绝对误差为0.15 cm,相对于基于点云的传统算法提取精度分别提高了50%和60.7%。该方法基于高精度点云数据,实现了树木胸径的无损自动提取,在精准林业领域具有推广价值。     

基于高光谱数据的水体叶绿素a指数反演模型的建立

水体叶绿素a含量是反映水体质量的重要指标之一,利用遥感技术监测其含量具有众多优势。该研究利用2012年7月在广西壮族自治区桂林市漓江流域实地采集的水体高光谱数据和实验室化验分析数据,借鉴陆表植被叶绿素a的遥感反演模型,发展了一种新的水体叶绿素a提取指数(water chlorophyll-a index,WCI)。通过与反射率敏感波段法、波段比值法和半分析方法对比分析发现,新提出的WCI指数使用650、685、696 nm波段,波段稳定,决定系数R2可达0.58,均方根误差最小为0.24,受水体悬浮物影响小,在天津海河区域的验证效果也表明了该模型可以有效地提取水体叶绿素a含量。该方法扩展了水体叶绿素a监测的建模思路,对水体叶绿素a监测建模有一定的指导作用。     

基于WSN的油菜生长环境数据采集系统

针对传统作物生长环境数据获取手段实时性差、劳动强度大以及部署微型自动气象站和商用Zigbee产品成本高、开放性较差等问题,设计并实现了一种基于WSN的油菜生长环境数据采集系统。提出了轻量级的能量感知路由协议CLFP,并给出了软硬件的相关设计方法。仿真和大田试验结果表明,系统温度采集精度最高可达0.01 ℃,测湿精度达±5%,光强采集范围为1~65 535 lx,可并发的数据传输达到36路,可满足农业现场环境数据的较高测量要求。在标称电源供电情况下,系统实际有效生存周期超过142 d,由于采用AT89C51和nRF2401作为基础硬件平台,成本低廉,有助于大规模部署和应用。