Effect of stocking density on growth performance of juvenile sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788)

Stock density is one among the most important factors in aquaculture that directly influences the growth of organisms; however, there is limited information about the effects of stocking density on growth performance of sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788) that has a commercial potential and represents a new species for aquaculture. In this study, we investigated the effect of stocking densities on the growth performance of juvenile H. tubulosa (40.3 ± 3.34 g) in laboratory conditions. Stocking densities were selected as 6, 15 and 30 ind m^?2 with total biomass 253.3 ± 0.18, 601.2 ± 0.11 and 1201.4 ± 0.15 g m^?2 respectively. We monitored the growth by wet weights and calculated the growth performance through weight gain, growth rate, specific growth rate, relative weight gain, coefficients of variation and survival rate during 8 weeks of research period. We found that individual mean weight gain in 6 ind m^?2 group was approximately 29.53 g while it was 3.03 g and ?4.36 g for 15 ind and 30 ind m^?2 groups respectively. Results have shown that the specific growth rate tends to decrease as the number of individuals in unit area increases. The final mean weight, growth rate, specific growth rate, relative weight gain and coefficients of variation were significantly different among treatment groups. In conclusion, a density of 6 ind m^?2 is recommended for stocking juvenile H. tubulosa under rearing conditions. Stocking density of 15 ind m^?2 is not favourable for long term as the growth rate is negligible where 30 ind m^?2 should be avoided in tank‐based rearing units.     

不同水温和水质理化因子对糙海参摄食、生长影响研究

分别以不同水温15、20、25、30℃为4个试验组,研究糙海参成参的摄食和生长。试验结果表明:糙海参体重的增长与水温的变化密切相关;糙海参的最适生长水温为20~30℃,在25℃时生长最快,日增重量和日增重率分别为7.667 g和1.48%,而且显著高于其他试验组。在水温15℃时,日增重量和日增重率分别为0.1 g和0.022%,有时会出现负增长。当水温达到15℃时,糙海参摄食活动减少,停止摄食,体重不再增加。在水质因子研究方面,分为不换水试验组、换水1/3试验组(每日)、全部换水试验组(每日),研究了不同水质对糙海参生长的影响。经过15 d养殖,结果表明:其他水质指标波动在正常范围,3个试验组间无明显差别,只有NO2-含量有明显的差异。不换水组、换水1/3组和全部换水组的亚硝酸盐质量浓度分别是1.34 mg/L、0.55 mg/L和0.23 mg/L。亚硝酸盐质量浓度大小与海参生长有密切关系,两者呈负相关。全部换水组亚硝酸盐质量浓度显著低于其他试验组,糙海参生长最快;不换水试验组,部分糙海参日增重量和日增重率呈负增长,部分已经吐脏。     

热带糙海参雌、雄亲参的差异代谢物和差异代谢通路研究

本研究基于LC-MS/MS代谢物分析方法,探究了糙海参(Holothuria scabra)体腔液中性别特异性代谢物,同时分析了代谢通路的性别差异.结果显示,与雄性糙海参(M)相比,在雌性糙海参(F)的体腔液中共筛选出1352个上调代谢物和943个下调代谢物.根据数据库比对和注释,共筛选出66个具有显著差异的代谢物(P...     

Variation in short-term survival of cultured sandfish (Holothuria scabra) released in mangrove–seagrass and coral reef flat habitats in Solomon Islands

Juvenile cultured sandfish (Holothuria scabra) with a mean size of 35.6 mm±11.4 S.D. were released on soft substrata near mangrove–seagrass and lagoonal coral reef flat habitats in the Western Province of Solomon Islands. Mean survival of H. scabra at the mangrove–seagrass sites was 95–100% 1 h after release and approximated 70% 3 days later. At the coral reef flat sites, however, mean survival was as low as 37.5% 1 h after release and total mortality occurred in two of the three releases within 48 h. Mortality of the juvenile H. scabra was due mainly to predation by fish in the families Balistidae, Labridae, Lethrinidae and Nemipteridae. Survival of juvenile H. scabra was improved significantly by releasing them within a cage of 8-mm mesh. This procedure resulted in 100% survival of juveniles in the coral reef flat habitat during the course of the experiment. Our data indicate that mangrove–seagrass areas should be suitable habitats for release of cultured juvenile sandfish in restocking and stock enhancement programs. Release of sandfish at night, to coincide with the time they emerge during their inherent diel burrowing cycle, and the short-term use of protective cages, should be investigated to improve survival of individuals released in mangrove–seagrass habitats.     

Growth of the hatchery-produced juveniles of commercial sea cucumber Holothuria (Theelothuria) spinifera Theel

The present study was conducted to develop the hatchery technology for seed production of the widely exploited commercial sea cucumber Holothuria spinifera Theel 1886, to facilitate an effective stock enhancement programme. Broodstock collected by skin divers were used for spawning trials. The embryonic and larval stages were similar to other aspidochirotes. The larval survival rate was 43.5% on day 9, which decreased to 18.3% nearing metamorphosis on day 13, the growth rate was 48 μm day⁻¹ and the settlement rate was 3.5%. Algamac^® used to induce settlement also served as the food source for the early settled juveniles, followed by Sargassum spp. extract (<40 μm) for the first month. Sargassum spp. powder along with fine sand (1:1) was given to juveniles >20 mm. Addition of Spirulina spp. along with Sargassum spp. powder and fine sand (0.5:1:2) enhanced the growth rate of the juveniles. In the hatchery, the juveniles attained an average size of 1, 30 and 48 on 20, 80 and 120 days respectively.     

白沙参池塘生态养殖的关键参数及技术

为了缓解目前海参市场供不应求的局面,研究了白沙参的池塘生态养殖关键技术及参数,包括养成环境与条件,清池消毒及肥水的方法,种苗选择、运输及投放方法,以及水质管理、投饲管理、敌害清除等养成管理,并介绍了采捕方法。按照此套技术,开展了白沙参池塘生态养殖,记录了白沙参生长及存活情况,进行了经济效益分析,并对成品白沙参进行了检测。结果表明,在该套技术参数条件下,经过约10个月的养殖,白沙参的体长相对日增长率为5.73%,体重相对日增长率为781%,存活率达92%左右;白沙参池塘生态养殖经济效益显著,投入产出比达到400%;养成的白沙参质量优异,符合GB2762-2012的标准要求。     

Spawning and rearing of Holothuria tubulosa: A new candidate for aquaculture in the Mediterranean region

Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788) has recently shown an increased demand in Asian markets, becoming one of the intensively exploited holothurian species in the Mediterranean Sea. A risk is that over‐harvesting is likely affecting both the species' natural stocks and the benthic communities. In this scenario, sea ranching and restocking through aquaculture could assist in mitigating its overexploitation. This study is the first to demonstrate the successful artificial breeding and rearing of H. tubulosa, and its consequent potential as a new species for the Mediterranean aquaculture industry. Here we describe the spawning induction, larval development and early juvenile growth in hatchery cultures, aimed at developing a spawning and rearing protocol for this species. The trials were conducted from July to October in both 2014 and 2015. Holothuria tubulosa was induced to spawn by testing four different methods. Thermal stimulation plus thermal shock emerged as the most efficient method to obtain active and healthy gametes. Larval development in H. tubulosa progressed through five stages, reaching the juvenile stage in 27 days. Two different microalgal feeding regimens were tested for larval breeding. Under the best feeding conditions, 7% of the larvae metamorphosed into settled juveniles, adhering to artificial substrates previously conditioned with benthic biofilm. Our results indicate that H. tubulosa shows good performance in hatchery rearing during the larval phases, indicating that this species could be a new candidate for aquaculture in the Mediterranean region, both for production and restocking proposes.     

Preliminary study on broodstock rearing,induced breeding and grow‐out culture of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra in Sri Lanka

Experiments were conducted to identify suitable methods for broodstock rearing, induced breeding and grow‐out culture of Holothuria scabra in Sri Lanka. Two hundred and seventy‐two brooders (500–600 g) collected from off Mannar were individually packed in oxygen‐filled polythene bags with and without sea water and transported to a sea cucumber hatchery at Kalpitiya. Lagoon pens, sand‐filled fibreglass tanks and bare tanks were used in triplicates to maintain brooders. Spawning was initiated using air dry, water jet and thermal‐stimulation methods. Hatchery produced juveniles with an average weight of 11 ± 5 g were reared (2 individuals m^?2) in lagoon pens, mud ponds and fibreglass tanks in triplicates. The significantly high evisceration rate was observed when brooders were transported without sea water (t‐test, P < 0.05). Brooders maintained in bare tanks showed a significant weight reduction than the brooders in sand‐filled tanks and lagoon pens (anova , P < 0.05, d.f. = 2). Thermal stimulation (ambient temperature ± 3–5°C) was found to be the most successful method of spawning initiation of H. scabra. The mean (±SD) percentage males and females participated for spawning per trial was 9.2 (±10) and 4.6 (±5.6) respectively. On an average, 1.16 millions of eggs (±1.03 SD, n = 5) were obtained per spawning trial. H. scabra juveniles reared in tanks showed significantly lower growth rate than the juveniles in pens and ponds (anova , P < 0.05). Lagoon pens and sand‐filled tanks are suitable to maintain brooders and lagoon pens can be successfully used for mass rearing of juveniles.     

添加光合细菌对糙海参幼苗培育阶段的影响研究

以受精后24h孵化出的糙海参（Holothuria scabra）耳状幼体为研究对象,探讨养殖水体不同量光合细菌对糙海参苗期生长、成活、消化道消化酶活性和养殖水体水质变化的影响。试验设4个处理,光合细菌（浓度为1×10^11cfu·mL^-1）添加量分别是0m L（组1,对照组）、50m L（组2）、100m L（组3）和150m L（组4）,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复放养4×10^4尾幼体于室内水泥池（5m×3 m×1.5m）中,试验周期为41 d。结果表明,添加光合细菌组的糙海参出苗体质量和成活率均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,而组3和组4的体质量和成活率又明显优于组2（P〈0.05）,组3和组4之间的差异不显著（P〉0.05）。添加光合细菌还能不同程度地影响糙海参苗体消化道蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的活性,试验组3种酶的活性均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,而组3和组4的蛋白酶活性和纤维素酶活性显著高于组2（P〈0.05）,淀粉酶活性在3个试验组之间无显著差异（P〉0.05）。在试验第10天后,各试验组氨氮（NH3-N）和亚硝酸盐含量显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,在试验第20天后,各试验组化学需氧量（COD）的值显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,而总磷（TP）的差异不大（P〉0.05）。表明光合细菌可以促进糙海参幼体的生长,提高消化酶活性和成活率,并改良育苗水体水质。     

南方糙海参的人工催产与育苗初步试验

糙海参（Holothuria scbra）是中国南方优质的热带海参经济品种,试验首次成功在国内综合运用升温等多种刺激方法人工诱导糙海参产卵,并进行了批量人工育苗。2010年4—6月,共进行人工催产试验10次,催产亲参243头,5次试验产卵,催产成功率50％,共获得受精卵1652．72×10^4粒,孵出糙海参幼体1226．74×10^4头,总体孵化率74．23％;在水温27．5～30．0℃条件下,受精卯完成胚胎发育需要32．5h;利用其中部分幼体开展后期人工育苗,经过21d培育,获得糙海参早期稚参（0．1cm）19．43×10^4头,苗种培育成活率16．7％;经过32d培育获得大规格后期稚参苗（0．3～0．5cm）2,46×10^4头,培育成活率2．12％。试验的成功对下一步开展北部湾海域糙海参的天然种群恢复和在华南地区进行糙海参的人工养殖与开发具有重要意义。