菊芋根系分泌物改良滨海盐土的微生物机制

[目的] 探究菊芋在滨海盐土改良过程中的作用机制,分析菊芋和碱蓬根系分泌物的组分差异,明确土壤微生态环境的变化规律,进一步为盐土改良提供理论依据。[方法] 以种植菊芋和自然碱蓬植被为样地,对菊芋和碱蓬的根系分泌物进行对比分析,研究在根系分泌物作用下土壤微生物数量,微生物量碳氮,微生物群落结构以及土壤酶活性的变化,从而系统地阐明根系分泌物介导下盐土改良的微生物机制。[结果] 菊芋根际土壤中含有果糖（2.343×10^-3 g/kg）、葡萄糖（4.235×10^-3 g/kg）、蔗糖（2.670×10^-3 g/kg）,分别是碱蓬根际土壤的9.28,1.52和2.43倍。而菊芋根际与非根际中的果糖含量存在显著性差异（p<0.05）,其根际中含量为非根际的12.02倍。菊芋土壤还含有低聚果糖（蔗果三糖、蔗果四糖和蔗果五糖）,而碱蓬土壤中未检测出低聚果糖。除糖类外,菊芋根系分泌物还含有烷烃、酚、醛、酯、有机酸、醇、酮、酰胺,其组分较碱蓬土壤更为复杂且某些组分为菊芋特有〔1-氯—十八烷、正十六烷酸、2-甲基-Z-4-十四碳烯、十二酮、（Z）-9-十八碳酰胺、苯丙酸十六烷基酯等〕。功能性根系分泌物（如低聚果糖、果糖、十六烷、十八烷酸等）为根际微生物提供碳源、氮源和营养元素的同时,使菊芋根际土壤中微生物数量显著增加（p<0.05）,土壤微生物量碳、氮显著高于碱蓬土壤（p<0.05）,其值分别是碱蓬土壤的1.95和1.6倍,且菊芋根际的微生物量碳、氮约为非根际的1.69和1.50倍,优势菌群（变形菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门）所占比重达到90%,土壤有益菌群（Actinobacteria和Acidobacteria）的相对丰度显著增加（p<0.05）,土壤生物活性提升。此外,菊芋根际特有的分泌物（十六烷、烯醛等）,抑制了病原菌的生长,优化了微生物群落结构。除过氧化氢酶外,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸活性显著提高（p<0.05）,其活性分别是碱蓬土壤的1.83,1.88和3.30倍。[结论] 种植菊芋后,通过根际分泌物介导,改善土壤微生物群落结构与功能,增加土壤酶活性,使土壤生物活力得以整体提升,与原生植被碱蓬相比,降低了土壤含盐量,起到了改良盐土的作用。     

抑制油葵花药培养褐变的研究初报

以油葵的花药为外植体,在附加不同浓度激素的MS培养基中添加Vc(抗坏血酸)、AC(活性碳)、PVP(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮)对油葵花药愈伤组织进行抑制褐变处理.结果表明,AC在抑制褐变的同时也抑制了愈伤组织的生长,300 mg/L Vc及0.1%PVP均可有效抑制褐变,其中0.1%PVP抑制褐变的效果优于300 mg/L Vc.     

Benchmarking sunflower water productivity in semiarid environments

Appropriate benchmarking is essential for evaluating the efficiency with which crops use water and for identifying constraints, other than water, to crop yield. No benchmark exists for sunflower. Boundary and simulation analyses were used to quantify the water productivity of sunflower crops grown in the Western Pampas (semiarid central Argentina). The approach involved the use of a large database (n = 169) collected in farmers’ fields over a period of 4 years, and the application of a crop simulation model in combination with actual weather and soil data. Using field data, an upper bound of 8 kg grain ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ for water productivity, with an apparent seasonal soil evaporation of 75 mm, was defined. Seasonal water supply exceeded maximum expected seasonal crop requirements (ca. 630 mm) for many crops, and a majority of crops with <630 mm of available water during the season had water productivities considerably lower than the upper bound. The field data-based upper bound was indistinguishable from that obtained using yields for a set of 47 simulations using observed initial values for soil water and nitrogen profiles. Simulation confirmed the main features of the boundary-analysis applied to field data, and many simulated crops had yields that fell below the boundary function, even when simulated yield was plotted against simulated seasonal evapotranspiration or transpiration. Long-term (33-year) simulation analyses for two sites showed that most sunflower crops in the area are subjected to episodes of transient and unavoidable water stress after floral initiation. High levels of available soil water at sowing moderate, but in most years do not eliminate, these exposures to water stress. Yield gaps with respect to the boundary function were associated with deficient or excessive rainfall during grain filling, and other, non-water related, factors such as inadequate crop nutrition, biotic stresses, low photothermal quotients during the interval close to anthesis, and lodging. A grain yield/seasonal evapotranspiration plot for a large (n = 154) data set from experiments conducted by others in five separate environments suggests that the boundary function found for the Western Pampas is broadly applicable. Sunflower water productivity, corrected for oil-synthesis costs and seasonal vapour pressure deficit differences, approximates that of winter cereals grown in Mediterranean environments.     

油葵蕾期对微咸水水质的适应性研究

采用田间试验的方式,分别以淡水和矿化度为3 g/L、4 g/L、5 g/L、6 g/L的微咸水作为油葵蕾期水,以蕾期缺水处理作为对照,研究了油葵蕾期对微咸水矿化度的适应程度.结果表明:油葵整个生育期结束时,各处理主根层土壤含盐量均达到底墒水前的初始值附近,无显著的脱盐与积盐现象;蕾期采用3 g/L的微咸水灌溉, 对油葵生长非但不会造成抑制,反而还有一定的促进作用,使其株高、茎粗、盘粒数、百粒重及产量均超过淡水处理;油葵蕾期采用矿化度为5 g/L以下的微咸水进行灌溉,产量不会显著降低;在淡水资源不足或有限的情况下,6 g/L也可以考虑用于油葵蕾期灌溉,虽然会造成一定程度的减产,但与蕾期缺水的情况相比较,在不显著增大土壤含盐量的情况下仍然可以较大程度提高产量.     

油葵叶片离体再生体系的建立

以油葵自交种7B7的无菌苗子叶为诱导不定芽材料,MS培养基为基本培养基,研究油葵子叶组织培养有关影响因子.比较了不同培养基成分、不同碳源、不同附加物对不定芽分化的影响,确定出油葵自交种子叶离体诱导再生芽的最佳培养基:改良MS(MS大量、微量、铁盐、B5有机)+0.5; KNO3+0.05; CH+0.01; 肌醇+3; 葡萄糖+4 mg/L 6-BAP+6～9 mg/L AgNO3+2.6 g/L Phytagel,建立了油葵相对高效的再生体系.为油葵基因转化的研究奠定了基础.     

菊芋花色素提取条件的研究

[目的]探索提取菊芋花色素的最佳条件。[方法]针对不同条件下菊芋花色素的提取进行了单因素和正交试验,对单因素试验数据进行灰色关联度分析,并利用神经网络预测正交试验并和试验值比较。[结果]菊芋花色素的最佳提取条件为温度60℃,料液比1∶18 g/m L,浸提时间5.0 h,其中浸提温度对提取花色素的影响最大,料液比次之,浸提时间对浸提效果的影响最小;同时提出了减少试验工作量的方法。[结论]该研究可为菊芋花色素的提取提供科学依据。     

Phenotypic tendency of achene yield and oil contents in sunflower hybrids

ABSTRACT

The knowledge about heterosis breeding of achene yield in sunflower is known; however, dissection of the genetic components of achene yield and seed quality traits is limited. Therefore, the prescribe study was conducted using Line × Tester design to determine combining abilities, and about the maternal-and-paternal gene actions involved in achene yield and seed quality traits in 21 single cross hybrids. Significant mean differences for achene yield and seed quality traits were observed, with total attributed variation (R^2?=^?0.89). Principal component analysis (P?<?0.05) explained 92.6% variation and using factor analysis, we found factor 1 had primary variables (AW, AL, AT, HD, PH, PC, LA and OC) contributed 35.6% variation to achene yield. Combining ability analysis showed the positive general combining ability for E%, HD, PH, 100 AW and AYP in parental inbred lines, whilst, hybrids had positive specific combining ability for E%, HD, PH, 100 AW, DTF, DTM, OA, LA, OC and AYP. Females contributed significantly higher (P?<?0.05) for AYP, E%, HD, NWPH, PH, 100 AW, LA and OA than that of males. Two-way hierarchical clustering showed the most promising hybrid H₅ (A-18?×?G-79) in Cluster V. The hybrid H₅ also showed heterosis, heterobeltosis and commercial heterosis, therefore, genetic exploitation of H₅ is highly desirable in future breeding to map QTLs/genes in arid/semi-arid zones and /or similar growing conditions to boost up yield and seed quality traits.     

Aluminum Tolerance in Sunflower Plants Is Associated with Phosphorus Content in the Roots

Sunflower is considered one of the most promising crops for agro-industry development. This plant is adaptable to different soil and climate conditions but is very sensitive to aluminum (Al). Considering that the different plant species have developed different mechanisms to cope with Al, this work evaluated the effect of Al stress on plant growth and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents in 25 sunflower genotypes. The results showed that Catissol, EXP 11-26, HLA 860 HO, and H 358 were the most Al-tolerant and IAC-Uruguai, AG 960, EXP 44-49, IAC-Iarama, BRS G27, EXP 887, and H 251 were the most Al-sensitive. We also observed that maintenance of P content in roots of stressed plants seems to play an important role in Al-stressed sunflower plants, suggesting that it could be used as a physiological marker during the screening for Al tolerance in this species.     

金线莲与菊芋在组织培养中细菌污染的防治

被细菌污染的金钱莲AnoectochilusfrmosanusHay.试管苗选用自配消毒剂D进行灭菌有较好的效果，且在校长时间范围内对材料伤害较小，对菊芋Helianthustuberosus外植体进行消毒也比用吐温效果好。未试验同时还揭示了培养体培养时间与细菌入侵程度的关系，探讨了两种材料在组织培养中细菌污染的防治方法。     

向日葵未成熟胚培养中不定芽的发生

研究了向日葵未成熟胚培养中不定芽的发生情况,结果表明,向日葵子叶(?)未成熟胚再生不定芽的能力很强,下胚轴较子叶容易产生不定芽;基因型和培养基是影响不定芽再生频率的重要因子.基因型不同,其不定芽的再生频率差异很大.本实验中大多数基因型都能诱导出不定芽.再生频率在40%以上.最高的达91%.自交系、杂一代和保持系的再生频率高于普通品种.培养基中高含量蔗糖及适宜的6—BA含量有利于不定芽的发生.由不定芽培育出的绿苗在温室条件下,大部分可以正常开花结实.