向日葵茎端培养过程中的器官发生

本文报道了四个栽培品种在其茎端培养过程中的器官发生过程、基因型差异及不同激素组合对器官发生的影响。试验发现,基因型不同、激素组合不同对诱导不定芽具有显著影响,而在种子萌发培养基上施用6—BA对器官发生具有关键作用,此外,接种时将茎端纵长劈开也促进不定芽的发生。     

铝胁迫对向日葵可溶性蛋白含量的影响

选用向日葵为材料,研究不同Al3+浓度处理下(0.1、1.0和10.0 mmoL/L),对向日葵叶片和根的可溶性蛋白含量的影响。试验结果表明,在整个处理期间,高浓度Al3+(10.0 mmoL/L)可诱导向日葵叶片中可溶性蛋白含量明显高于对照组和其他处理组(除了Al3+浓度为1.0 mmoL/L)(P0.05)。Al3+处理15 d时,叶片中的可溶性蛋白含量随着Al3+处理浓度的升高而增加。Al3+处理5 d时,10.0 mmoL/L Al3+处理组根中可溶性蛋白含量明显增高。但是,在10~15 d期间,其含量明显下降(P0.05)。1.0 mmoL/L Al3+处理组的可溶性蛋白含量明显高于对照组和0.1 mmoL/L Al3+处理组。在1.0 mmoL/L Al3+和0.1 mmoL/L Al3+处理组中根的可溶性蛋白含量在处理15 d后明显下降(P0.05)。     

江苏北部滨海盐土盐肥耦合对菊芋生长和产量的影响

在江苏北部滨海盐土进行田间试验,研究了不同盐分含量土壤上盐肥耦合对菊芋生长和产量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着土壤盐分含量的增加,菊芋株高显著下降,菊芋茎粗、块茎产量和地上部生物量随土壤盐分的增加变化趋势与菊芋株高相似。随着氮肥和磷肥施用量增加,菊芋主茎高度显著增加,菊芋茎粗随氮肥施用量增加变化不明显,而块茎产量和地上部生物量随肥料用量增加变化趋势与菊芋株高相似。(2)随着施氮、磷量增加,在各盐分含量土壤上菊芋主茎普遍长高,随着土壤盐分含量的增加,氮和磷效应越明显,菊芋茎粗、块茎产量和地上部生物量在不同土壤盐分含量下,其变化趋势与菊芋主茎高度变化趋势相似。(3)各处理措施均能影响菊芋块茎产量,经方差分析,土壤盐分含量、氮肥施用量、磷肥施用量、盐肥交互作用、氮磷肥交互作用均呈极显著关系,从处理间区别看,影响菊芋块茎产量的主要因素是土壤盐分含量,氮肥和磷肥次之。其中S1N2P3处理所获得的产量最高,此处理土壤盐分含量为0.9～1.5gkg-1,氮肥和磷肥施用量均为60kghm-2。     

Identification of PCR markers linked to different Or genes in sunflower

Broomrape is a parasitic plant that significantly decreases yield of sunflower. Breeding for resistance has proved to be the most efficient method for suppressing broomrape infestation in the field; however, new races of parasite constantly emerge, and new resistance genes need to be discovered and introduced into cultivated sunflower lines. The aim of this work was to test SSR markers from linkage group 3 (LG3) to investigate whether they could be used for identification of a particular Or gene. Twenty sunflower inbred lines were used, and polymorphism between the lines with various resistance genes and genetic background was investigated. The used markers revealed DNA polymorphism between the investigated lines. Strong association of markers from LG3 with Or₆, as well as Or₄ and Or₂ genes, was found. Identified markers could be used for introduction of these resistance genes into commercial sunflower lines and for establishment and identification of differential lines.     

2,4-D和6-BA对菊芋愈伤组织诱导的影响

菊芋是一种十分具有开发利用价值的菊科植物,试验以MS培养基为基本培养基,附加不同种类和浓度的植物生长调节物质,对菊芋的块茎进行愈伤组织的诱导培养研究,结果表明:浓度为0.05 mg/L的6-BA的诱导效果最差;6-BA 0.05 mg/L和2,4-D 0.05 mg/L组合有利于愈伤组织的诱导;浓度为0.05 mg/L的2,4-D最有利于愈伤组织的诱导.     

外源钙离子缓解海水胁迫下菊芋光合能力下降的研究

用不同浓度Ca2 对处在30%海水胁迫处理下的菊芋幼苗进行化学调控,研究了Ca2 对海水胁迫下菊芋叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和荧光参数的影响,以探索外源Ca2 对缓解植物海水胁迫下光合作用下降的作用机制。结果表明,在30%海水胁迫下,菊芋的正常生理代谢明显受到抑制;当施入钙离子后,盐对菊芋幼苗的胁迫不同程度降低,其中以10 mmol/L Ca2 效果最好,可有效防护胁迫所致的氧化损伤,从而维持较高的SOD活性,抑制脂质过氧化作用,使叶片在盐胁迫条件下,维持较高的PSⅡ的电子传递强度(Fm/F0)、PSII光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、Pn、Gs和较低的非光化学淬灭系数(qNP)。这说明外源的Ca2 一定程度上弥补了盐胁迫导致的Ca2 亏缺,可有效缓解海水胁迫所致的氧化损伤,使植物维持较正常的生理活动,稳定细胞膜结构,维持体内离子吸收平衡,维持较高的光合速率,保护光合机构。     

Interspecific hybridization between sunflower and wild perennial Helianthus species via embryo rescue

Interspecific crosses were made between the cultivated sunflower inbred line HA89 and accessions of five wild perennial Helianthus species (H. giganteus L., H. laevigatus T. & G., H. resinosus Small, H. pauciflorus Nutt. and H. decapetalus L.) resistant to broomrape ( Orobanche cernua Loefl.). Using the genetic male-sterile isogenic version of that line as female, successful reciprocal crosses were also obtained with all these wild species except with H. decapetalus. Five-day-old hybrid embryos were excised and cultured in vitro. In all cases, few mature plants were obtained from embryos in early developmental stages (early heart and globular) but up to 28% mature plants were obtained from embryos in later stages of development. Very immature embryos were difficult to excise without damage. Hybrid embryos and mature plants were obtained from all five wild species. Interspecific hybrid embryos from different wild species showed distinct developmental potentials, the proportion of hybrid embryos in different developmental stages varying among species. Differences in the proportion of hybrid embryos at the several developmental stages were also obtained for the reciprocal crosses (cultivated × wild), which showed higher proportion of fully developed embryos. Hybrids involving H. giganteus and cultivated sunflower were difficult to obtain without the use of embryo culture. Embryo culture proved to be an useful tool to overcome post-zygotic hybrid incompatibility in different Helianthus spp., and facilitated interspecific transfer of resistance to O. cernua. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cytoplasmic effects on the regeneration ability of sunflower

Highly varible organogenic regeneration has been obtained in sunflower, depending upon culture conditions, genotype and their interactions and now the effect of cytoplasm upon regeneration ability has been analysed. Six sunflower inbred lines in their male-sterile and malefertile forms were evaluated in vitro : HA89, GP762, HA300, RK416, RK456, and KLM280. The basal medium was agar solidified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with plant hormones: KIN 2mg/1 + IAA 1 mg/1 (Ml); BA 0.5mg/1 4- IAA 0.5mg/1 (M2). Cotyledons of mature seeds were used as explants. Regeneration ability (R) was evaluated on day 30 after initiation of culture. Significant differences were observed between male-sterile and male-fertile forms of some inbred lines for R on M2 medium. The presence of interaction among the factors line-cytoplasm-regeneration on M2 was demonstrated by using a G-test. This nucleus-cytoplasm interaction affects the regeneration ability of this species and should be taken into account when using tissue culture for crop improvement.     

Effect of indigenous mycorrhizal colonization on phosphorus‐acquisition efficiency in soybean and sunflower

Despite a general consent about the beneficial contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on natural ecosystems, there is an intense debate about their role in agricultural systems. In this work, soybean (Glycine max L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) field plots with different P availabilities were sampled across the Pampean Region of Argentina (> 150 samples from Mollisols) to characterize the relationship between available soil P and indigenous mycorrhizal colonization. A subsequent pot experiment with soybean and sunflower was carried out to evaluate the effect of P supply (0, 12, and 52 mg P kg^–1) and AMF inoculation on AMF colonization and crop responsiveness to P in a Mollisol. Both crops showed high AMF colonization in the field (average: 55% for soybean and 44% for sunflower). While mycorrhizal colonization in soybean was significantly and negatively related to available soil P, no such trends were apparent in sunflower. Also, total biomass was 3.5 and 2.0 times higher in mycorrhizal than in nonmycorrhizal pot‐grown soybean under low‐ and medium‐P conditions, respectively. Sunflower, on the other hand, did not benefit from AMF symbiosis under medium and high P supply. While mycorrhization stimulated P‐uptake efficiency in soybean, the generally high P efficiency in sunflower was not associated with AMF symbiosis.     

Simulation study of the competitive ability of erect, semi-erect and prostrate cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes

Ecophysiological simulation models provide a quantitative method to predict the effects of management practices, plant characteristics and environmental factors on crop and weed growth and competition. The INTERCOM interplant competition model was parameterised, calibrated by monoculture data for three cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes that differed in growth habit, common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), and used to simulate competition of cowpea cover crops with sunflower or purslane. The simulation results were compared with observations from field competition experiments in 2003 and 2004. INTERCOM more accurately simulated actual field data for the competition of cowpea genotypes and sunflower than companion field experiments for the competition of cowpea and purslane. The validated simulation model of cowpea and sunflower at two densities was used to study the effects of cowpea growth habit on final biomass production of cowpea and sunflower. The model suggested that erect growth habit was more competitive than semi‐erect and prostrate growth habit, when cowpea genotypes were grown with sunflower. Cowpea leaf area distribution was important to higher cowpea biomass production, while cowpea height growth was important to reduce sunflower biomass. Our simulation approach is suggested as a method for crop breeders to gauge the likely success of selection for competitive crops before undertaking expensive long‐term breeding experiments.