中国沿海半干旱地区海水养殖废水灌溉耐盐植物(菊芋)的研究

An experiment with six treatments： CK1 （rainfed）, CK2 （irrigated with freshwater）, and 4 treatments of saline aquaculture effluent blended with brackish groundwater at different ratios of 1：1, 1：2, 1：3, and 1：4 （v/v） was carried out during 2004 to assess the effect of saline aquaculture effluent on plant growth and soil properties in the Laizhou region, Shandong Province, China and to determine an optimal salinity threshold for aquaculture effluent. Cumulative evapotranspiration for the saline aquaculture effluent irrigation and non-irrigation treatments was lower than that for the freshwater irrigation treatment. Soil electrical conductivity was higher with respect to saline aquaculture effluent irrigation treatment compared to that with respect to non-irrigation or freshwater irrigation treatment. For Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus L.）, in comparison to the freshwater treatment, plant height and aboveground biomass for the 1：3 and 1：4 treatments were constrained, whereas stem width and root biomass were enhanced. Concomitantly, higher tuber yield was obtained for the 1：3 and 1：4 treatments compared to that for CK1 and 1：1 treatments. Nitrogen and phosphorus were higher in tubers of the 1：4 treatment. This study demonstrated that saline aquaculture effluent could be used successfully to irrigate Jerusalem artichoke with higher tuber yield and nutrient removal.     

Fitting plants to soil through mycorrhizal fungi: Mycorrhiza effects on plant growth and soil organic matter

Summary Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi affect diverse aspects of plant form and function. Since mycorrhiza-mediated changes in host-plant responses to root colonization by different VAM fungi vary widely, it is important to assess each endophyte for each specific effect it can elicit from its host as part of the screening process for effectiveness. Three species of VAM fungi and a mixture of species were compared with non-VAM controls for their effects on soil organic matter contents and on nutrition and morphology in two varieties (native and hybrid) of corn (Zea mays L.) and one of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in P-sufficient and N-deficient soil in pot cultures. Differences in soil organic matter due to the fungal applications were highly significant with all host plants. Native corn responded more to VAM colonization than the hybrid did; differences in treatments were significant in leaf area, plant biomass, and root: shoot ratio in the former, but not in the latter. Responses in the sunflower were similar to those in the native corn. Significant VAM treatment-related differences in shoot N and P contents were not reflected in shoot biomass, which was invariant. Correlations between plant or soil parameters and the intensity of VAM colonization were found only in soil organic matter with the native corn, in specific leaf area in the hybrid corn, and in plant biomass in the sunflower. The presence of the different endophytes and not the intensity of colonization apparently elicited different host responses.     

向日葵叶中绿原酸提取方法的比较研究

采用4水平5因素（乙醇浓度、乙醇用量、回流时间、pH值、浸泡温度）正交试验，优选从向日葵叶中提取绿原酸的最佳提取工艺．结果表明：稀醇法为最佳提取方法；最佳提取工艺为以10倍70％乙醇为浸提液，pH值调至6．0，80℃水浴浸泡，回流3h，所得绿原酸含量最高．     

Phosphorus use Efficiency of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

This study comparatively evaluates phosphorus (P) use efficiency of safflower and sunflower in view of identifying low input oil crops. Sunflower accumulated more P than safflower at all equivalent P supplies. Sunflower was more efficient at their best P supplies to utilize absorbed P than safflower in terms of efficiency ratio and utilization index. Yield response curves interpreting the functional relationship between nutrient supply and yield using Michaelis-Menten equation indicate that sunflower is less sensitive to inadequate P supply and thus more P-efficient than safflower with respect to yield, as the term ‘Km’ is lower for sunflower. The minimal P amount per pot required to trigger yield formation (term ‘Cmin’) was lower in sunflower than safflower. Harvest Index in sunflower out-yielded that of safflower at all P supplies. Critical deficiency contents of sunflower were lower than that for safflower. It can be concluded that safflower cannot be considered as low-input crop.     

Genetic properties of drought tolerance indices in sunflower

Abstract

The objective of the present study was genetic analysis of yield-based drought tolerance indices using the diallel method. Twenty-one genotypes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) derived from a half diallel cross between six inbred lines were evaluated in both stress and non-stress conditions using a randomized complete block design for each one. Eight drought tolerance indices comprising stress tolerance index (STI), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HM), stress susceptibility index (SSI), tolerance index (TOL), yield index (YI) and yield stability index (YSI) were calculated based on grain yield under stress and non-stress environments. Significant genotypic differences were observed in TOL, GMP, MPSTI, HM and YI. Diallel analyses revealed the importance of both additive and non-additive gene effects in GMP, STI, HM and YI. However, the Baker ratio supported the predominance of an additive effect in their expression. Our results demonstrated that SSI, YSI, TOL and MP are not reliable indices to select drought tolerant genotypes in sunflower breeding programmes because of their low heritability. Indices such as GMP, STI, HM and YI were moderately heritable and are usually able to select high-yielding genotypes in both environments and could be usefully employed in drought tolerance breeding programmes of sunflower.     

施磷水平对菊芋块茎产量、品质、植株生理特性与磷利用率的影响

探究不同磷肥施用量对菊芋块茎产量、品质、植株理化特性及磷肥利用率的影响,为实现菊芋高产优质栽培和农田磷素高效利用与科学施磷提供参考依据。于2019-2020连续两年分别于河南省原阳县和方城县布置磷肥用量田间试验,2019年设0、60、120、180和240 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 5个磷肥用量水平,2020年则分别设0、45、90、135、180和225 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 6个施磷水平。研究磷肥施用对成熟期菊芋块茎产量、品质（菊糖、还原糖含量）以及营养生长和生殖生长期地上部植株磷素积累量、叶片绿原酸、SPAD值、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量等理化指标的影响,计算分析菊芋收获指数、磷肥利用率和农学效率等肥料吸收利用状况。结果表明：磷肥供应均显著提高2019和2020年菊芋块茎产量,肥料效应呈“线性+平台”趋势变化,适宜施磷量分别为155和107 kg·hm^-2。此外,磷肥供应显著提高菊芋块茎菊糖和还原糖含量。与不施磷相比,2019-2020年度块茎总糖含量增幅分别平均为11.6%和18.3%。各生育期菊芋地上部植株磷素积累量、叶片绿原酸含量、SPAD值、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均随施磷量增加而明显提高。菊芋磷素收获指数（PHI）、磷肥利用率（AUP）和农学效率（AEP）均随着磷肥用量增加而明显下降,施磷处理两年平均PHI、AUP和AEP分别为0.813、15.1%和23.9 kg·kg^-1。因此,合理施磷可显著提高菊芋成熟期块茎产量、改善品质,增强各生育期生理活性。在本试验条件下菊芋适宜施磷量为105~150 kg·hm^-2。     

Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of 'high oleic' sunflower inbred lines

Cultivation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is strongly affected by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. To identify new sources of genetic diversity for sunflower breeding 25 sunflower inbred lines were analysed using eight Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations and their genetic similarities (GS) were estimated. Data were used to develop a Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) dendrogram. GS values of 0.58‐0.98 were observed but with no separate groupings dependant on oil quality. The inbred lines were screened for their reaction to inoculation with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Sunflower heads were artificially inoculated with S. sclerotiorum in three environments. Head infection was monitored after 1 week (lesion length) and 2 weeks (head rot). The F5 generation of a cross between a resistant (SWS‐B‐04) and a susceptible inbred line (SWS‐B‐01) was also tested for sclerotinia reaction across three environments. Significant differences in sclerotinia resistance, moderate heritabilities and a high correlation between the two assessments were observed. Inbred lines with a high level of resistance could be identified. These lines can be used for further breeding to improve sunflower sclerotinia resistance and to develop superior new hybrids.     

采绒革盖菌胞外菊粉酶产生条件的研究

新分离到一株能产生较高水平菊粉酶的采绒革盖菌（ＣｏｒｉｏｌｕｓｖｅｒｓｉｃｏｌｏｒＺＱＷ－９６）。通过对培养基组成及培养条件的优化研究发现，用菊芋粉抽提液代替菊粉，氮源为玉米浆，添加０．０４％的吐温—８０的发酵培养基，在ｐＨ５．８、２４℃、转速为１５０ｒ／ｍｉｎ，装液量为７５ｍｌ／５００ｍｌ三角瓶条件下发酵６天后，胞外菊粉酶活性达２．２４ｕ／ｍｌ，比原来提高了１．３倍。关于该菌产菊粉酶的研究，国内外均未见报道     

Genetic 'Fingerprinting' of Sunflower Lines and F1 Hybrids using. Isozymes, Simple and Repetitive Sequences as Hybridization Probes, and Random Primers for PCR

Three different marker systems which have been widely described in the characterization of genotypes were compared. Sunflower lines and hybrids were analysed by three isozymes, oligonucleotides (GACA)₄, (GATA)₄, and (GGAT)₄ as hybridization probes, and 70 primers for PCR analysis. Polymorphisms were visible with each type of marker. However, the repeated probes, especially (GATA)₄, revealed the highest degree of variability and seem to be most appropriate for the generation of genotype-specific ‘fingerprints.’     

Donor Plant Growth Conditions and Regeneration of Fertile Plants from Somatic Embryos Induced on Immature Zygotic Embryos of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Immature zygotic embryos of the sunflower inbred line ‘Ha 300’, cultivated on a modified MS medium containing 6-benzyladenine and a high amount of sucrose, regenerated fertile plants via direct somatic embryogenesis. Plant regeneration from immature sunflower embryos is generally characterized by a relatively high experimental variability resulting from the interactions of multiple factors. We present here a study of some of the factors acting on the donor plants and their influence on the capacity to regenerate plants. Repeated experiments during a 2-year period with greenhouse-grown as well as field-grown plants led to the following conclusions: (i) The use of pesticides, unavoidable in the greenhouse, is compatible with routine regeneration of fertile plants, (ii) The plant growth retardants tested were useful for the production of healthy plants in the greenhouse and had no effect on the regeneration capacity.