Assessing arbuscular mycorrhizal plant metal uptake and soil metal bioavailability among ‘dwarf’ sunflowers in a stratified compartmental growth environment

Using the micronutrient zinc (Zn) as a metal contaminant, a stratified compartmental pot greenhouse experiment involving ‘dwarf’ sunflowers and an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus was designed to assess the role of AM symbiosis toward plant growth and metal uptake, and to differentiate its impact toward edaphic parameters across different soil strata. Consistent with previous hypotheses, AM plants contained up to 40% lower metal concentrations in their shoots than non-AM plants, particularly at the highest soil Zn levels (200 and 400 mg Zn kg^?1 dry soil); this, corresponding with an enhanced growth status among AM plants. Upon assessing the soil Zn concentrations and pH, AM treatments also tended to have higher soil Zn levels and more alkaline conditions compared to non-AM treatments. This was found especially in the topmost soil stratum where AM root colonization was deemed most active as evidenced by a higher frequency of extraradical hyphae, vesicles, and arbuscules. Together, these effects were putatively linked to the AM-induced mechanism of metal biosorption known to modulate soil nutrient bioavailability and even delay the onset of metal toxicity.     

The evolution of glucose‐6P‐dehydrogenase and 6P‐gluconate‐dehydrogenase activities and the ortho‐diphenolic content of sunflower leaves cultivated under different boron treatments.

Both enzymatic activities increased under B‐deficient and B‐toxic treatments. The ortho‐diphenolic content did not change with B levels.

Our results suggest that the primary B action on the OPP pathway is at the first enzyme (glucose‐6P‐dehydrogenase) level and that the B effect on 6P‐gluconate‐dehydrogenase is secondary to this. The B action on the enzymatic activities seems not to be caused by any direct interaction with substrates, as B infiltration of B‐deficient culture “in vivo”; seems to result in long term effects on cell structures and/or processes not easily r

In this paper the glucose‐6P‐dehydrogenase and 6P‐gluconate ‐ dehydrogenase activities and ortho‐diphenolic content of hydroponically‐cultivated sunflower‐leaves with moderately deficient, normal and toxic B levels were measured. The change in these parameters during time was considered, together with the restoration of enzymatic activities by means of borate infiltration of deficient and normal leaves. The micronutrient content of the leaves was alsversible by B infiltration of leaves. The positive correlation found between the 6P‐gluconate‐dehydrogenase activity and the Zn content in leaves might be interpretable as and indirect B effect on that activity through modification of Zn content.     

Emergence Rate,Yield, and Nitrogen-Use Efficiency of Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) Vary with Soil Salinity and Amount of Nitrogen Applied

For understanding the effects of soil salinity and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the emergence rate, yield, and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) of sunflowers, complete block design studies were conducted in Hetao Irrigation District, China. Four levels of soil salinity (electrical conductivity [EC_e] = 2.44–29.23 dS m^?1) and three levels of N fertilization (90–180 kg ha^?1) were applied to thirty-six microplots. Soil salinity significantly affected sunflower growth (P < 0.05). High salinity (EC_e = 9.03–18.06 dS m^?1) reduced emergence rate by 24.5 percent, seed yield by 31.0 percent, hundred-kernel weight by 15.2 percent, and biological yield by 27.4 percent, but it increased the harvest index by 0.9 percent relative to low salinity (EC_e = 2.44–4.44 dS m^?1). Application of N fertilizer alleviated some of the adverse effects of salinity, especially in highly saline soils. We suggest that moderate (135 kg ha^?1) and high (180 kg ha^?1) levels of N fertilization could provide the maximum benefit in low- to moderate-salinity and high- or severe-salinity fields, respectively, in Hetao Irrigation District and similar sunflower-growing areas.     

Genetic variability for responses to short‐ and long‐term salt stress in vegetative sunflower plants

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) has been rated as moderately salt‐resistant, and variability for salt resistance has been detected within this crop. However, variability in salt‐resistance mechanisms has not been assessed. Osmotic tolerance, the relation of salt resistance with whole‐plant Na⁺ and K⁺ distribution and tissue Na⁺ tolerance were investigated in several sunflower inbred lines. Plants were grown under controlled conditions, in pots with sand and perlite irrigated with salinized (NaCl, –0.65 MPa) nutrient solution. Osmotic tolerance was assessed from the initial effects of the salt treatment on plant elongation in eleven sunflower lines. Long‐term salinity responses were evaluated in four of those lines, by assessing whole‐plant growth. A principal components analysis (PCA) was run on relative‐to‐control growth data, and this information was used to establish a relative resistance ranking, which indicated lines HAR2 > HAR1 > HA64 > HAR5. Osmotic tolerance was observed in HA64 and HAR2. The lines showed different degrees of Na⁺ accumulation, it was very low in some of them, but relative salt resistance was not associated to this trait. Tissue Na⁺ tolerance was deduced by comparing the percentage of dead leaves as a function of leaf blade Na⁺ accumulation, and it was higher in HAR1 than in the rest. These results indicate that variability for salt‐resistance mechanisms exists in sunflower. Osmotic tolerance and tissue Na⁺ tolerance were detected in different lines, highlighting that such variability may be exploited for increasing salt resistance in this crop.     

豚草卷蛾的寄主专一性测定

1990～1992年在北京对从澳大利亚引进原产地为北美的豚草卷娥,对有代表性的15科37种主要经济作物、粮食作物、观赏植物及与豚草近缘或形态上相似的植物,进行了食性测定,特别对菊科植物中有经济价值的作物向日葵,在特定环境条件下进行了多种选择、诱导、强迫性等产卵、取食试验。结果表明:(1)常规方法的测定:无论选择性试验还是非选择性试验,豚草卷蛾只在豚草、三裂叶豚草、银胶菊和苍耳上产卵,并完成发育;而在供试的其它寄主上均未发现成虫产卵,也未发现幼虫企图咬食或钻蛀的痕迹。(2)特定方法的测定:豚草卷蛾不选择向日葵植株产卵;仅在混栽区诱导实验中,发现低龄幼虫可转移到茎秆较细或倒伏的向日葵上蛀食并形成虫瘿,并能完成发育,但向日葵不是豚草卷蛾的适口寄主植物。对影响豚草卷蛾取食行为的各种因素综合分析后,作者认为该天敌可在我国长江以南非向日葵作物区释放,在北方向日葵作物区能否释放,尚需进一步研究。     

菊芋苗期氮素营养缺乏症状及生理特性研究

本文研究了菊芋苗期缺氮的主要症状及生理特性.结果表明:处理前期就表现出明显缺素症状,表现为生长减缓,处理10d以后缺素症状由下部向上部开始出现,处理40d后生长几乎停止;可溶性蛋白含量先上升后降低,叶绿素含量先升高后下降,均高于对照,根系活力开始有明显上升,之后迅速下降.蛋白、根系活力在缺氮初期含量的上升认为与植物缺氮适应性调节有关.     

海水胁迫对5种生态型菊芋生理生化的影响

Three treatments consisting of 0%, 15%, and 30% seawater were investigated to analyse the ecotypic variabilities among five populations of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)regarding their responses to seawater stress under a hydroponic culture system. Analyses were done 2, 4, and 6 days after treatments. The 15% and 30% seawater treatments reduced the growth rates of roots and shoots of H. tuberosus populations. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase majored in the leaves were stimulated under the seawater stress. The electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde contents of the leaves were also stimulated owing to seawater stress. The contents of proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves increased significantly with increasing seawater concentrations. The concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl^- in the aerial parts and roots increased with an increase in the seawater concentration throughout the experimental period. There were ecotypic differences among the five populations of H. tuberosus as evidenced by the analyses of the above items in both aerial parts and roots under seawater treatment. The magnitude of the ecotypic variance components indicated that a substantial proportion of the total variation for these physiological and biochemical responses were owing to ecotype, indicating the possibility of improvement through hybridization and selection.     

菊芋中菊粉提取工艺优化研究

以菊芋为原料,采用热水浸提法提取菊粉,在提取温度、时间、料液比、pH值和提取次数等单因素试验的基础上,采用均匀设计对热水提取菊粉的工艺参数进行优选,并进行了验证试验.结果表明,在提取温度68℃,提取时间70 min,料液比1∶21,提取次数2次的条件下,菊粉提取率可达到16.04%.     

Orobanche cumana race F: performance of resistant sunflower hybrids and aggressiveness of populations of the parasitic weed

The production of sunflower is threatened by Orobanche cumana (broomrape) infections in many countries of southern and eastern Europe. The most virulent race of this parasitic weed, race F, is widespread in Spain. Most of the current commercial hybrids of resistant sunflower do not completely prevent broomrape emergence in the field. The performance (broomrape incidence and severity, final yields and oil contents) of four resistant and two susceptible sunflower hybrids was studied in different years in several O. cumana – infested locations. O. cumana – sunflower interactions were characterised by low severity and intermediate incidence in the resistant hybrids; both depended on the environment. An increase in sunflower yield because of the use of resistant hybrids was most noticeable under heavy field infestations and under drought. Characterisation of 20 populations of O. cumana classified as race F in terms of the standardised area under the degree of attack progress curve (SAUDC) and O. cumana incidence (BI) suggested differential intrinsic pathogenicities. These results highlight the variability within race F of O. cumana , mirroring the environmentally dependent horizontal resistance in sunflower.     

去叶对不同时期菊芋生物量、株高和生长速率的影响

本文通过对营养期和现蕾期菊芋（Helianthus tuberosus L.）进行去叶处理,探讨去叶对菊芋株高、生长速率和生物量的影响。结果表明：营养期去除1/3叶片菊芋地下生物量达到最高值;现蕾期去叶,地上生物量和总生物量均以去除偶数叶最高;相同叶片去除方式下,不同时期去叶株高均随去叶数量的增加而降低;不同时期各处理菊芋生长速率均随测定时间的延迟而降低。