外源钙离子缓解海水胁迫下菊芋光合能力下降的研究

用不同浓度Ca2 对处在30%海水胁迫处理下的菊芋幼苗进行化学调控,研究了Ca2 对海水胁迫下菊芋叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和荧光参数的影响,以探索外源Ca2 对缓解植物海水胁迫下光合作用下降的作用机制。结果表明,在30%海水胁迫下,菊芋的正常生理代谢明显受到抑制;当施入钙离子后,盐对菊芋幼苗的胁迫不同程度降低,其中以10 mmol/L Ca2 效果最好,可有效防护胁迫所致的氧化损伤,从而维持较高的SOD活性,抑制脂质过氧化作用,使叶片在盐胁迫条件下,维持较高的PSⅡ的电子传递强度(Fm/F0)、PSII光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、Pn、Gs和较低的非光化学淬灭系数(qNP)。这说明外源的Ca2 一定程度上弥补了盐胁迫导致的Ca2 亏缺,可有效缓解海水胁迫所致的氧化损伤,使植物维持较正常的生理活动,稳定细胞膜结构,维持体内离子吸收平衡,维持较高的光合速率,保护光合机构。     

不同盐碱区菊芋植株K~+和Na~+的分布特征

[目的]研究不同盐碱区域对菊芋离子分布的影响。[方法]以红块茎菊芋品种JY1及白块茎菊芋品种NY1、BY1为试验材料,研究了非盐、轻盐、重盐3种不同盐碱区条件下块茎、茎干和叶片的离子分布特征。[结果]随着土壤盐分的增加,菊芋茎干和叶片的K~+含量均增加,其中茎干中K~+含量显著增加,重盐下达到16.1 mg/g,达叶片的7.0倍以上;块茎K~+含量的变动幅度不大。随土壤盐分的增加,茎干、叶片、块茎的Na~+含量逐渐升高,其中茎干的增加幅度最大,重盐条件下Na~+含量较非盐条件下增加11.0倍以上;叶片Na~+含量的变化幅度不显著;重盐条件下,各部位Na~+含量从高到低依次为:茎干、块茎、叶片。植株各部位的K~+/Na~+从高到低依次为叶片、块茎、茎干。[结论]该研究可为耐盐品种的筛选及不同盐碱地条件下的菊芋栽培提供理论基础。     

Effect of indigenous mycorrhizal colonization on phosphorus‐acquisition efficiency in soybean and sunflower

Despite a general consent about the beneficial contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on natural ecosystems, there is an intense debate about their role in agricultural systems. In this work, soybean (Glycine max L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) field plots with different P availabilities were sampled across the Pampean Region of Argentina (> 150 samples from Mollisols) to characterize the relationship between available soil P and indigenous mycorrhizal colonization. A subsequent pot experiment with soybean and sunflower was carried out to evaluate the effect of P supply (0, 12, and 52 mg P kg^–1) and AMF inoculation on AMF colonization and crop responsiveness to P in a Mollisol. Both crops showed high AMF colonization in the field (average: 55% for soybean and 44% for sunflower). While mycorrhizal colonization in soybean was significantly and negatively related to available soil P, no such trends were apparent in sunflower. Also, total biomass was 3.5 and 2.0 times higher in mycorrhizal than in nonmycorrhizal pot‐grown soybean under low‐ and medium‐P conditions, respectively. Sunflower, on the other hand, did not benefit from AMF symbiosis under medium and high P supply. While mycorrhization stimulated P‐uptake efficiency in soybean, the generally high P efficiency in sunflower was not associated with AMF symbiosis.     

H2O2 Accumulation in Sunflower Leaves as a Consequence of Iron Deprivation

Abstract

The present work aimed at evaluating in sunflower leaves: the relationship between Fe‐deficiency and the possible accumulation of H₂O₂; the activity of some extracellular enzymatic and non‐enzymatic systems involved in H₂O₂ production and scavenging. Iron‐deficient leaves exhibited a significant H₂O₂ accumulation, monitored at extracellular level by electron microscopy analysis. Such an increase in H₂O₂ level could derive from the significant decrease in extracellular ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, accompanied by a lower APX protein content detected by immuno‐electrophoresis. Also, extracellular ascorbic acid content was significantly affected by Fe‐deficiency, implying a reduced capacity for H₂O₂ scavenging. The contribute of peroxidases (PODs) involved in lignification process in keeping H₂O₂ levels under the toxic threshold was dependent on their subcellular location: the activity of covalently‐bound (CB) isoforms being increased while that of ionically‐bound (IB) ones decreased. NAD(P)H oxidation activity, known to produce H₂O₂, was found to decrease in apoplastic fluid and IB fraction and to slightly increase in the CB fraction. In conclusion, H₂O₂ accumulation observed in Fe‐deficient sunflower leaves seems to be mostly due to a reduced scavenging capacity of ASA, APX, and PODs, although the possibility of increased H₂O₂ production cannot be excluded.     

向日葵[Helianthus annuus(L.)]白花粉突变体遗传研究初报

向日葵[IIelianlhus anuus (L.)]是我国的重要经济作物。其花粉通常呈深浅程度不同的黄颜色。据我们掌握和查新资料,目前世界上尚未见有关白花粉方面的报道。1989年7月下旬至8月上旬,我们在吉林农业大学向日葵育种试验田的恢复系C8711群体中,先后发现4株白花粉突变体。暂分别定名为C8711—1、C8711—2、C8711—3和C8711—4。在进行人工套袋之前,此4株突变体已经在一定程度上发生了开放授粉,其中C8711—4开放授粉程度较轻。成熟时单独收获这4株突变体的种子,以进行有关遗传学研究,本文拟对白花粉突变的遗传学机理进行初步的探讨。     

不同发育时期菊芋块茎DNA提取效果比较研究

为筛选菊芋块茎DNA提取的适宜生育时期,以“青芋1号”菊芋品种为试材,用改良CTAB法对不同发育时期菊芋块茎DNA进行提取,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳及全波长分光光度计检测总DNA的纯度、浓度及质量,选用4条ISSR引物进行PCR验证.结果表明:不同发育时期提取菊芋块茎DNA效果较好,DNA浓度呈现单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在第9周,与琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测呈现的亮度结果一致,PCR验证结果显示,提取的DNA能够满足后续相关分子生物学的要求.     

抑制油葵花药培养褐变的研究初报

以油葵的花药为外植体,在附加不同浓度激素的MS培养基中添加Vc(抗坏血酸)、AC(活性碳)、PVP(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮)对油葵花药愈伤组织进行抑制褐变处理.结果表明,AC在抑制褐变的同时也抑制了愈伤组织的生长,300 mg/L Vc及0.1%PVP均可有效抑制褐变,其中0.1%PVP抑制褐变的效果优于300 mg/L Vc.     

菊芋悬浮细胞系的建立及其导管分子的体外分化

利用菊芋地下块茎作外植体,在附加1.2mg·L~(-1)2,4-D 的 MS 培养基上诱导愈伤组织形成,经同样 MS 液体培养基培养形成悬浮系;菊芋悬浮细胞转入含5.0mg·L~(-1)的6-BAP、1.0mg·L~(-1)2,4-D 的 MS 液体培养基内.经9d 培养可使约30%～50%悬浮细胞转化为具次生壁条纹的导管分子。     

菊芋块茎发育期凝集素基因的鉴定和表达分析

凝集素是生物中普遍存在的一类糖结合蛋白,通过特异识别不同糖基而介导多种生物过程.本研究以'南菊芋1号'为研究材料,克隆并鉴定了12个凝集素基因.利用生物信息学分析这些基因编码蛋白的性质表明:等电点为4.96～5.23,偏酸性;依据其特异性糖基结合域归为三类:8个属于木菠萝家族(JRL),2个属于雪花莲家族(GNA),2...     

观赏向日葵品种北热带地区物候特征、表型性状评价

观赏植物的精准应用有助于提升城市公园品质.对湛江地区14个观赏向日葵Helianthus annuus品种进行夏季田间引种试验,观测、记录和分析其8个物候特征和14个表型性状,结果表明各观赏向日葵品种间物候特征具有差异性,表型变异较为丰富,14个品种聚类为四大类群.进一步探讨了观赏向日葵应用的品种选择、种植调节及配植方...