不同灌排模式稻田排水中氮磷流失规律

为了研究不同灌排模式稻田排水中氯磷流失规律,以集成合理的节水灌溉与控制排水技术,在江苏高邮开展田间试验.试验区排水斗沟出口处设水位调控闸门,在水稻不同生育阶段对排水沟水位及田间水分进行控制,形成新型的控制灌排模式.与常规灌排模式进行对比,两年田间试验成果表明,控制灌排模式较常规灌排模式节水16.7%,增产7.1%,排水总量减少54%,水稻全生育期稻田排水中NH4+;-N、NO3-N与TP流失总量分别减少38.07%、82.29%和52.15%,节水减排和降污效果显著.采用控制灌排模式,通过实施灌水调控和排水管理.控制了氮磷流失关键时期的排水量.高效利用了水分和养分,取得了节水高产、减排控污的效果.     

密云水库源区曹家路流域生态治理效果分析

北京市针对水源地治理问题提出了构筑"生态修复、生态治理、生态保护"三道水源防线的发展模式.通过2006年7月至2008年7月的实地野外试验,对北京市重要水源地密云水库源区曹家路流域的农业面源污染、有机物污染情况等进行了跟踪调查和研究.研究结果反应出北京市水源地水土保持及清洁小流域治理工程的效果明显,并给出了该水源地今后治理与发展的建议.     

三江平原不同土地利用方式下沟渠沉积物可溶性有机碳含量和分布

研究了三江平原3种土地利用方式下沟渠沉积物DOC含量和分布,探讨了3种土地利用方式对沟渠沉积物DOC含量和分布的影响。结果表明,三江平原沟渠系统虽然都是在湿地的基础上开挖而成,但是分散于3种土地利用方式下的沟渠沉积物DOC含量及其分布发生了明显变化。湿地开垦为农田利于沟渠各层沉积物DOC的累积,水田和旱田相比,旱田更有利于沟渠各层沉积物DOC的累积;沟渠沉积物DOC垂直分布随土地利用方式不同发生了明显的变化,穿过型沟渠和边界沟渠相比,边界沟渠沉积物DOC垂直分布显示出更强的沉积特点。挖沟排水和土地开垦耕作,不仅导致大量DOC向沟渠迁移并沉积在沟渠中,而且最终导致不同沟渠沉积物中DOC的含量和分布产生了明显的差异性。     

灌排调控的稻田排水中氮素浓度变化规律

基于农田排水氮素浓度及湿地进出口断面总氮（TN）、氨态氮（NH4+-N）、硝态氮（NO3--N）浓度的监测,研究了灌溉排水措施以及沟塘湿地对农田排水中氮素浓度变化的影响。结果表明,控制灌溉的水稻全生育期稻田排水中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度分别较常规灌溉处理低12.08%、20.33%和13.51%;控制排水处理下稻田排水中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度分别较常规排水处理低2.21%、7.08%和20.92%;湿地出口水体中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度分别比入口降低了16.8%、14.4%和50.9%,湿地水体中TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度随时间近似服从指数函数衰减趋势。控制灌溉、控制排水及沟渠塘湿地系统的调控措施对农田排水中氮素的净化效果比较显著。     

滨海盐荒地不同高度台田地下水动态变化与脱盐效果

为给大面积滨海盐渍荒地农业开发利用提供高效的技术支撑, 在黄河三角洲滨海盐渍荒地上, 设计135 cm、145 cm和175 cm高度台田处理, 以未做台田处理的盐荒地为对照, 定位监测挖深沟修台田后2年的地下水埋深与矿化度的变化动态, 以及连续种植5年后台田土体含盐量的变化。研究表明: 连续2年3种高度台田均能有效增加地下水的埋深, 盐渍荒地地下水埋深变化为0.65~2.10 m, 3种高度台田地下水埋深变化为2.20~3.63 m。3种高度台田的地下水矿化度同盐渍荒地相比均呈现升高趋势, 表明台田土体盐分通过灌溉和降雨作用淋洗进入地下水中。修建台田前荒地0~30 cm土壤含盐量为4.90~7.33 g·kg^-1, 台田引黄灌溉洗盐后土壤含盐量降低到1.37 g·kg^-1以下, 土壤脱盐率为81.31%~89.05%。连续种植5年后, 不同高度台田0~120 cm土体盐分含量均低于盐荒地, 尤其0~30 cm和30~60 cm土层的盐分含量与盐荒地相比降低显著; 其中135 cm和145 cm台田各土层盐分含量均小于1.62 g·kg^-1。因此, “台田?深沟”模式是改良滨海重度盐渍土的一种有效工程措施, 考虑到开发成本和台田有效面积比, 台田高度可优先选择145 cm。     

Linking habitat suitability and seed dispersal models in order to analyse the effectiveness of hydrological fen restoration strategies

The effectiveness of measures targeted at the restoration of populations of endangered species in anthropogenically dominated regions is often limited by a combination of insufficient restoration of habitat quality and dispersal failure. Therefore, the joint prediction of suitable habitat and seed dispersal in dependency of management actions is required for effective nature management. Here we demonstrate an approach, which links a habitat suitability and a seed dispersal model. The linked model describes potential species distribution as a function of current species distribution, species-specific dispersal traits, the number of successful dispersal events, dispersal infrastructure and habitat configuration. The last two variables were related to water management actions. We demonstrate the applicability of the model in a strategy analysis of hydrological restoration measures for a large fen area in which still numerous endangered plant species grow.With the aid of the linked model, we were able to optimise the spatial planning of restoration measures, taking into account both the constraints of water management practices on abiotic restoration and the effects of habitat fragmentation on dispersal. Moreover, we could demonstrate that stand-alone habitat suitability models, which assume unlimited dispersal, may considerably overestimate restoration prospects. For these reasons, we conclude that linked habitat suitability and dispersal models can provide useful insights into spatially differentiated potentials and constraints of nature restoration measures targeted at the sustainable conservation of endangered plant populations whose habitats have been deteriorated due to undesirable effects of land and water management on abiotic conditions. These insights may contribute to the design of cost-effective nature restoration and conservation measures.     

江河源区地域界定研究

通过现有的各种文献资料、遥感资料,结合实地考察,确定江河源区主要包括江源地区和河源地区,江源地区主要指长江源区和澜沧江源区,其流域面积约为19.4578万km2;河源地区主要指黄河源区,其流域面积为12.3612万km2(不包括甘川大转弯);江河源区流域面积在青海省境内为31.8190万km2。     

环境因素和作物生长对稻田CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

采用大田试验方法,研究了常规灌溉和持续淹水条件以及不同水平有机质(小麦秸秆)投放量(0、2.25、4.5t@hm-2)条件下各环境因素(包括土壤温度、灌溉水层深度和土壤Eh)对CH4和N2O排放的影响以及水稻生长与CH4排放的关系.结果表明,在2种水分管理下,CH4的累积排放量均与水稻冠层高度呈显著正相关(P<0.001).连续淹水条件下,无论有无外源有机质投放,稻田CH4排放的季节性变化均与土壤温度呈指数相关(P<0.001),而N2O排放的季节性变化则仅取决于土壤水分条件.     

Spatiotemporal changes in terrestrial water storage in the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Region from GRACE satellites

The Sandstorm Source Control Project in and around the Beijing-Tianjin region was one of the most important ecological projects in China. Terrestrial water storage (TWS) has important impacts on the ecological construction, agriculture, industry, and resident’s lives. Based on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, meteorological and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, etc., this paper analyzed spatiotemporal characteristics of TWS, groundwater storage, and precipitation, and explored the influencing factors of regional TWS combined with land use and land cover (LULC), social and economic data. The most important results were as follows: (1) From 2003 to 2016, TWS in the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Region showed a decreasing trend with a rate of 3.14 mm yr⁻¹. (2) The TWS decline was caused mainly by groundwater overexploitation, but not precipitation variation. (3) Spatiotemporal variations of TWS were related to LULC. The area with the most serious decrease of TWS was mainly located in the southwestern part of the region, where farmland percentage and population density were greater. (4) Reducing the percent of farmland and tree planting, and adding the shrub and grass planting, could be a viable choice for the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project. These results provide a scientific basis for regional water resource and ecological management.     

用SahysMod模型研究不同灌排管理情景土壤水盐动态

银北灌区是宁夏土地整治和高标准灌溉绿洲农田建设的重点区域。该区域耕荒地交错分布、土壤盐渍化严重。通过模型分区模拟,在土地整治过程中建立完整、配套的灌排系统是解决区域土壤盐渍化的有效措施。该研究以银北灌区典型区域-西大滩为例,综合考虑荒地与耕地土壤属性的空间变异性,以2015—2016年土壤盐分数据进行率定,2017年盐分数据作为验证,利用SahysMod探索在土地整治过程中不同灌排管理下未来10 a内土壤水盐动态变化。结果表明,现有灌排管理下(即灌水量为670 mm,灌溉水电导率为1.05 dS/m,排水沟深1.5 m),荒地土壤盐分在预测初期(2017—2022年)逐年升高,预测后期(2023—2027年)变化平缓;耕地土壤盐分在预测初期变化缓慢,预测后期逐年增加。加大灌水量是解决土壤盐渍化的一个重要途径,可以有效延迟耕地盐分累积到障碍水平的时间;在灌溉水电导率为0.6 dS/m情况下,未来10 a内耕地都不会受到盐害胁迫;现有灌排管理下,在2024年以后作物生长就会受到盐害胁迫,当灌溉水电导率继续增加时,作物生长受到胁迫的时间相应提前。通过土地整治,加深排水沟深度可以延迟土壤盐分达到障碍水平的时间。在整治过程中深为2.2 m的排水沟,可保证未来10 a内耕地盐分小于1.7 dS/m,区域内玉米可正常生长。研究可为在土地整治过程中的灌排管理及土壤盐渍化防治提供建议。