The impact of beaver dam removal on the chemical properties of water in drainage ditches in peatland forests

ABSTRACT

Despite near-extinction in the nineteenth century, after efficient restoration measures the population of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber L.) in Latvia currently is viable and growing. While the ecological effect of the species on water quality and biodiversity is generally positive, the high number of animals in production forests often creates challenges for management. Drainage ditches are among the most favoured habitats of beavers resulting in flooded stands, reduced tree growth and economical losses. The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical properties of water in forest drainage ditches, affected by beaver activity, and their changes after the dam removal. Chemical composition of surface water in ditches was analysed in sampling points above dam, below dam and in the ditch itself after removal of the dam; results compared to pristine beaver site nearby on a small stream. Results did not show significant differences between concentrations above and below dams. After removal of the dams, significant increase in DOC, N-NO₃ ^-, N-NH₄ ⁺ and TSS concentrations and significant decrease in TP concentrations were observed in some of the sites. Observed concentrations of all measured parameters were significantly lower in pristine beaver site than in beaver sites on drainage ditches.     

膜下滴灌结合暗管排水技术改良新疆盐碱地效果综述

膜下滴灌技术的大面积推广和应用,为新疆乃至西北干旱地区作物高产提供了强大的技术支撑。应用在盐碱地改良中,膜下滴灌“有灌无排”模式仅调节耕层盐分分布,并不能将盐分排出土体,长年灌溉容易引起爆发式积盐的风险,而暗管排水是目前公认的改良盐碱地最直接、最有效的方法。目前,将膜下滴灌与暗管排水有机结合形成的新型灌溉技术,充分利用膜下滴灌良好的抑蒸增温、节水抑盐等优势,同时利用暗管将淋洗盐水及时排出土体,使盐碱化土层产生新的水盐平衡,已在新疆盐碱地区开发利用中得到长足发展。本文重点分析并总结了新疆灌区膜下滴灌结合暗管排水系统的设计参数及土壤水盐运移规律,并综述了土壤理化性质及作物产量对该灌排技术的响应研究,以期为新疆盐碱地农业可持续发展提供理论依据和技术指导。     

Distribution and richness of diadromous fish assemblages in Western Europe: large-scale explanatory factors

Abstract –  The aim of this study was to analyse the distribution of 14 diadromous fish at the beginning of the 20th century in western Europe. This study was conducted on a set of 41 water basins. Five environmental variables were selected and we used generalised additive models for explaining the presence–absence of species. The richest basins were located in the centre of the study area. Six main assemblage types were identified along a latitudinal gradient; they were constituted of a common species basis but differed by the absence or presence of other species. The 10 single species models produced have moderate to very good discrimination level and they can correctly predict both absence and presence. Temperature is included in all but one model, response curves vary according to the species; surface area is included in six models.     

古日乃湖盆沉积物发育土壤盐分与碳酸钙积累机制

干旱区湖泊是维持生态脆弱区环境平衡的重要载体,随着环境变化和人类对水土资源的不合理利用,我国干旱区湖泊日渐萎缩、干涸直至消失。湖泊干涸过程中,地下水位持续下降,风积物不断加积,土壤演化过程随之发生变化,但关于湖泊沉积物发育土壤演化特征的研究十分匮乏。本研究结合土壤发生学和地球化学方法分析了古日乃湖盆沉积物发育土壤的盐分与碳酸钙积累特征与机制。结果表明：盐分积累是古日乃湖盆土壤形成的主要特征,盐化土壤表层水溶性盐含量、Na~+浓度和钠吸附比分别为13.15～650.50 g·kg^-1、186.9～12 114.7 mmol·L^-1、22.3～890.5(mmol·L^-1)^1/2,土壤具有高含盐量、高Na~+浓度与高钠吸附比,表现出强度盐化特征。古日乃湖盆干涸,土壤积盐过程由现代盐化向残积盐化演化,盐分类型由氯化物型、氯化物-硫酸盐型向硫酸盐-氯化物型、硫酸盐型转变。借助于与Ca地球化学行为相似的Sr同位素组成分析,表明土壤碳酸钙以次生碳酸钙为主,其占比超过碳酸钙总量的80%;土壤碳酸钙主要来源于母质和...     

唐山市沿海地区乡镇水源地保护的措施与建议

随着唐山市沿海地区社会经济的快速发展,乡镇饮用水水源地的污染程度有加剧的趋势。通过分析研究唐山市沿海地区乡镇地下水水资源质量状况,提出了开发过程中区域水环境面临的压力和存在的问题。重点从技术研究、水源井合理布局、管理制度、群众意识、水质管理及水资源管理等方面提出了相应的措施与建议。     

基于DEM的西辽河流域河网水系提取研究

河网水系是对流域进行水文分析的重要数据,其生成的准确性会直接影响水文模型模拟的精度。以西辽河流域为研究区,在ARCGIS软件操作平台上对研究区的数字高程模型数据进行河网水系提取,设定不同的流域汇流累积阈值,分别计算出各模拟河网的分形维数及河网密度,取二者拟合趋势变化相同处阈值对应的河网与实际河网进行比较,发现此处的模拟河网与实际河网具有较高的拟合度,从而避免阈值确定的随机性、主观性等问题,有效地提高流域河网水系提取的精度。     

“玉米带”改种多年生草类后对农田排水的水文效应模拟

该文针对美国密西西比河上游明尼苏达州农田排水氮素流失严重,近年来又大力发展生物燃料产业的现状,采用田间水文模型——DRAINMOD模拟分析了玉米-大豆轮作区改种多年生草类后对农田排水的水文效应。结果表明改种多年生草后,植物耗水量的增加使得农田排水量明显减少;较深的草根系,尤其是在干旱年份消耗了大量的深层土壤水,降低了地下水位。种草后的生物排水量远远大于其他工程措施（如增加排水间距或潜埋排水管等）,可显著减少农田排水氮素流失对水环境的影响。     

稻田水肥资源高效利用与调控模拟

水和肥是影响作物产量与生态环境的重要因素。为揭示稻田水肥利用规律,以达到稻田节水、省肥、高产、减排的目标,该文以湖北省漳河团林实验站稻田水肥耦合灌溉与控制排水试验观测数据为基础,联合运用作物生长模型ORYZA 2000和田间水文模型DRAINMOD 6.0,模拟分析不同降水、节灌、施肥、控排条件下的水稻产量与稻田排水量响应关系,得出了稻田水肥调控的临界条件,即采用稻田间歇灌溉方式,灌水定额30 mm,施氮量170 kg/hm2左右,控制排水水位20 cm时,节水12.5%～18.87%、省肥35.1%、增产11%、减排19.9%。本研究对加强农田水肥科学管理,提高水氮生产效率,防治农业面源污染,促进灌区可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O from Southern European peatlands

Peatlands play an important role in emissions of the greenhouse gases CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O, which are produced during mineralization of the peat organic matter. To examine the influence of soil type (fen, bog soil) and environmental factors (temperature, groundwater level), emission of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O and soil temperature and groundwater level were measured weekly or biweekly in loco over a one-year period at four sites located in Ljubljana Marsh, Slovenia using the static chamber technique. The study involved two fen and two bog soils differing in organic carbon and nitrogen content, pH, bulk density, water holding capacity and groundwater level. The lowest CO₂ fluxes occurred during the winter, fluxes of N₂O were highest during summer and early spring (February, March) and fluxes of CH₄ were highest during autumn. The temporal variation in CO₂ fluxes could be explained by seasonal temperature variations, whereas CH₄ and N₂O fluxes could be correlated to groundwater level and soil carbon content. The experimental sites were net sources of measured greenhouse gases except for the drained bog site, which was a net sink of CH₄. The mean fluxes of CO₂ ranged between 139 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the undrained bog and 206 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen; mean fluxes of CH₄ were between −0.04 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained bog and 0.05 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen; and mean fluxes of N₂O were between 0.43 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen and 1.03 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained bog. These results indicate that the examined peatlands emit similar amounts of CO₂ and CH₄ to peatlands in Central and Northern Europe and significantly higher amounts of N₂O.     

知识经济对我国排灌机械行业的挑战与机遇

阐述了知识经济的特下以及排灌机械行业后现状与知识经济要求之间的差距，最后论述了排灌机械行业面临知识经济的挑战应采取的一些措施。