一种新型植物复合叶肥对小麦灌浆及产量的影响

了解喷施植物复合叶肥“绿荣追施宝”对小麦产量的影响及喷施的最佳时期,为小麦生产上的应用提供参考。以‘晋麦84’为试材,小麦起身后不同时期喷施,进而分析籽粒灌浆特性及产量因素。结果表明：在“常规施肥+抽穗期+灌浆期”和“常规施肥+拔节期+抽穗期+灌浆期”喷施“绿荣追施宝”皆能显著延长小麦的灌浆持续时间,获得较大的穗粒数、单株成穗数、千粒重,进而显著提高小麦产量,尤其在拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期各喷施一次效果更好。建议小麦生产中,除常规施肥外,拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期各喷施一次“绿荣追施宝”,喷施浓度为800倍稀释液。     

植保无人飞机对4种棉花喷施脱叶催熟剂的效果研究

目的 研究棉花收获前植保无人飞机喷施脱叶催熟剂的效果。方法 使用植保无人飞机以22.5 L·hm^-2的施药液量喷施采收前30 d的棉花‘金棉18#’、‘北泉9#’、‘植金13#’和‘合信47#’,以人工机械喷雾(施药液量450 L·hm^-2)为对照,测试4种棉花冠层中的雾滴覆盖率;于药后4、7、14和21 d分别进行脱叶和吐絮效果调查,计算不同棉花品种的脱叶率和吐絮率;检测4种棉花的纤维品质和产量构成因子(铃质量、衣分)。结果 雾滴覆盖率在4种棉花品种中均呈现出上部冠层显著高于中下部冠层的规律,且植株越高,中下部冠层的雾滴覆盖率越低;除‘合信47#’人工喷雾处理的吐絮率没有达到机采棉采收标准外,其余处理的脱叶率和吐絮率均达到了机采棉的采收标准;4种棉花品种的纤维品质和产量构成因子(铃质量、衣分)均不受施药器械的影响。结论 植保无人飞机可作为棉花采收前喷施脱叶催熟剂的施药器械。     

The Effects of Climate Change on the Planting Boundary and Potential Yield for Different Rice Cropping Systems in Southern China

Based on climate data from 254 meteorological stations, this study estimated the effects of climate change on rice planting boundaries and potential yields in the southern China during 1951-2010. The results indicated a signiifcant northward shift and westward expansion of northern boundaries for rice planting in the southern China. Compared with the period of 1951-1980, the average temperature during rice growing season in the period of 1981-2010 increased by 0.4＆#176;C, and the northern planting boundaries for single rice cropping system （SRCS）, early triple cropping rice system （ETCRS）, medium triple cropping rice system （MTCRS）, and late triple cropping rice system （LTCRS） moved northward by 10, 30, 52 and 66 km, respectively. In addition, compared with the period of 1951-1980, the suitable planting area for SRCS was reduced by 11%during the period of 1981-2010. However, the suitable planting areas for other rice cropping systems increased, with the increasing amplitude of 3, 8, and 10%for ETCRS, MTCRS and LTCRS, respectively. In general, the light and temperature potential productivity of rice decreased by 2.5%. Without considering the change of rice cultivars, the northern planting boundaries for different rice cropping systems showed a northward shift tendency. Climate change resulted in decrease of per unit area yield for SRCS and the annual average yields of ETCRS and LTCRS. Nevertheless, the overall rice production in the entire research area showed a decreasing trend even with the increasing trend of annual average yield for MTCRS.     

小麦产量性状与粒重性状的遗传分析

以小麦6044×01-35杂交后获得的重组自交系群体为试材,对其产量性状与粒重性状予以遗传分析。结果表明,重组自交系群体产量性状均呈正态分布,有不同程度的变异;单穗粒重与穗长和千粒重呈极显著正相关,与单株穗数、行总粒重呈极显著负相关,与株高呈显著负相关;广义遗传力较高的为株高、穗下节间长、穗长、单株粒重和单穗粒重;由主成分分析可知,对穗粒重贡献最大的是单株粒重、穗下节间长、穗长、单株穗数;通过逐步回归分析和通径分析,单株粒重对单穗粒重有促进作用,直接通径系数最大,单株穗数对单穗粒重的负效应最高。     

有机肥不同比例替代化肥氮对水稻产量、氮素吸收与流失风险的影响

有机肥与化肥配施是农业生产中稳产增产、减少化肥施用和保护环境的重要生产模式。为探索有机肥替代化肥氮的合理比例,采用田间小区试验,设置6个有机肥替代化肥氮的比例梯度（0%、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%）,分析了有机肥替代化肥氮的比例差异对水稻产量、氮素利用率和氮流失风险的影响。结果表明：与常规化肥处理比较,20%的替代比对早稻的有效穗数显著增加了5.8%,对晚稻的产量构成因素（穗长增加16.1%、有效穗数增加7.4%、实粒数增加11.8%、千粒重增加11.1%、结实率增加4.5%）均有显著的增加效果,且早、晚稻分别显著增产13.9%和18.6%,氮肥吸收利用率分别显著增加4.7%和4.9%。替代比例与早、晚稻产量的拟合方程得出产量最佳的替代比均为21%。有机肥氮配施比例越大,田面水氮浓度越低,减少了氮素径流损失风险。因此,有机肥替代化肥氮的比例20%时,既可以提高水稻增产潜力,又能降低稻田氮素流失风险和适当减少稻田化学氮肥施用量,值得推广应用。     

基于Voronoi图的单粒播玉米产量效果的蒙特卡罗模拟

为了明确在单粒播种条件下田间出苗率对玉米产量的影响,以蒙特卡罗二项分布作缺苗模拟,以Voronoi图分配缺苗土地,通过对产量-密度方程进行数学恒等变换计算产量补偿,模拟了2种单粒播策略的玉米产量随出苗率(75%~95%)的变化。结果表明,缺苗斑数目与出苗率呈单峰曲线关系,缺苗斑大小随出苗率呈负指数下降;单粒播造成0.06%~16.78%的减产,且减产率随出苗率下降而增加;两种单粒播策略的产量大小和产量稳定性均有差异,且差异随出苗率下降而扩大。该研究推荐的玉米单粒播策略是:在千方百计提高出苗率基础上,播种的种子数目应当等于目标种植密度除以出苗率、保证出苗的植株数目达到推荐种植密度。该结论对于在玉米生产上广泛采用单粒精量播种具有重要参考价值。     

池养青虾的高产技术

按青虾摄食、栖息生态习性设计池塘青虾养殖工艺,养殖实践表明：（１）采用虾苗一次放养,每１０００ｍ＾２池塘面积投放４．５－７．５万尾虾苗,饲养期间采用地分期分批捕捞的方法,青虾养殖池塘每１０００ｍ＾２净产为９０－１５０ｋｇ,其中６０－７０％的商品虾规格可达２．０－２．５ｇ以上。（２）采用一年二茬养殖青虾的方式,每１０００ｍ＾２净产可达２０４．３ｋｇ左右,但操作较为复杂。（３）青虾高产养殖池塘以面积６     

优质蛋白玉米籽粒品质性状组间典型相关性研究

研究优质蛋白玉米籽粒品质性状组间典型相关性结果表明,2个半硬质胚乳奥帕克-2玉米群体(“中群14QPMC3”和“陕综5号QPMC0”)籽粒物理性状中硬质度、籽粒密度、百粒重与胚比、百粒体积呈负相关效应,营养品质中赖氨酸含量、蛋白质品质性状为其核心,籽粒密度(或硬质度)可作为蛋白质品质的间接选择指标;籽粒物理性状、蛋白质品质性状在赖氨酸产量构成中起决定性作用,全籽粒蛋白质品质与胚乳蛋白质品质紧密相关,而与胚蛋白质品质无关,高赖氨酸高油分育种相统一。     

Effects of short period frequent milking on milk yield and udder health in Turkish Saanen goats

The major purpose of this study was to investigate whether increasing milking frequency for a short period (21 days) increases milk yield and milk components and improves udder health throughout lactation in Turkish Saanen goats. Two groups were formed (control, n = 14, treatment, n = 14); balanced by parity, bodyweight and birth type to make them homogenous. Feeding and management practices were the same for both groups. The treatment group was milked four times a day (4×) for 21 days after weaning whereas the control group was milked twice a day (2×). All the animals were milked twice daily thereafter. The pyronin methyl green stain method was used to estimate the somatic cell count (SCC), which is an indication of udder health. This method provided a count that excluded RNA and background noise while including cells with DNA. Repeated measures analyses indicated that overall differences between the 2× and 4× groups were significant for the morning, evening and total test day milk yields, in that values for the 4× group were increased 14.7, 8.8 and 12.1%, respectively. Differences between the groups for SCC were not significant. The results of this study indicate that increasing milking frequency to 4×, even for a short time (21 days), increases overall milk yield throughout lactation in dairy goats.