扬麦16“灌浆快”与颖果显微结构和内源生长素的关系

扬麦16是长江中下游麦区种植面积最大的品种,具有灌浆速度快、粒重高等特点。为探明扬麦16"灌浆快"与颖果结构和内源生长素的关系,以宁麦13为对照,显微观察了扬麦16颖果维管束、胚乳细胞和传递细胞发育的变化特征,测定了千粒重和生长素含量。结果表明,扬麦16胚乳中淀粉体和蛋白体发育好,胚乳充实饱满,最终粒重高;灌浆过程中扬麦16颖果内源生长素水平高,促进了同化物向籽粒的调运和胚乳细胞的分裂;扬麦16颖果维管束发达,筛管面积大,韧皮部卸载能力强;扬麦16颖果传递细胞分化早,细胞壁内突结构发达,养分转运能力强。     

土壤水分下限对固定道垄作小麦生长及产量的影响

为确定固定道垄作小麦生长和高产的适宜土壤水分下限,通过田间裂区试验,设置了4个土壤水分下限水平(分别为计划湿润层土壤田间持水量的40%、55%、70%和85%),研究了传统耕作和固定道垄作方式下土壤水分下限对小麦叶面积系数、干物质积累、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,固定道垄作栽培能够明显提高小麦的叶面积指数和促进干物质积累,增加产量和水分利用效率。在土壤水分下限为田间持水量的70%时,固定道垄作栽培的小麦叶面积指数和干物质积累量较大,穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量最大,水分利用效率也较高。综合来看,在河西绿洲灌区,固定道垄作小麦的适宜土壤水分下限为田间持水量的70%。     

不同小麦品种产量和氮素吸收利用的差异

为明确不同氮肥水平下不同小麦品种产量、氮素吸收和利用的差异,在大田条件下,以山东省主推的21个小麦品种为材料,研究了0、120、180、240和300kg·hm~(-2)共5个氮肥水平下不同小麦品种的产量、氮素利用率、氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率等指标。结果表明,氮肥、品种及两者的互作效应显著影响冬小麦籽粒产量、氮素利用率、氮素吸收效率和利用效率;氮肥水平不同则品种间的氮效率差异程度不同。大部分供试品种的氮效率类型在不同氮肥水平下的聚类结果不一致,仅临麦4号、鲁原502、泰山28和山农25在各氮肥水平下的产量、氮素利用率均较高,可划为氮高效品种。氮高效品种达到高氮效率的途径不同,临麦4号通过高氮素吸收效率、泰山28通过高氮素利用效率、鲁原502和山农25通过氮素吸收效率和利用效率共同作用实现氮高效。由此可知,应在不同氮肥水平下对冬小麦品种进行产量和氮素利用率的综合评价,以筛选出适应不同地力环境的品种和与品种特性相适应的施肥技术;在氮高效品种的选育和推广中,应针对不同小麦品种的氮素吸收和利用特性进行鉴别和调控,才能最大程度挖掘和利用其高产、高效潜力,实现增产增效。     

刈割期对多棱饲料大麦饲草及籽粒产量与品质的影响

为探明大麦饲草与籽粒双收的适宜刈割期,以六棱皮大麦皖饲麦2号为材料,设不刈割(T0)及分蘖期(T1)、拔节期(T2)、孕穗期(T3)分别进行一次刈割4个处理,比较了两年度不同刈割期大麦饲草、籽粒产量及品质的差异。结果表明,随刈割期后移,皖饲麦2号饲草产量显著增加;饲草粗蛋白、粗灰分、钙、磷含量显著下降,粗纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量显著增加,即饲草品质显著下降。籽粒产量受刈割期影响大,与T0相比,两年度T1期刈割籽粒产量无显著变化,T2、T3期刈割则籽粒产量显著下降;而品质受影响小。说明T1期刈割,可达到饲草与籽粒双收目标,且饲草品质好;在生产中要保障一定的籽粒产量,T2期后应停止刈割。     

夜间补光对小麦叶片激素含量及光合特性的影响

为探究夜间补光对小麦生育后期的调控作用,以冬小麦品种豫农186为材料,以自然光照时间为对照,在小麦抽穗后设置夜间人工补光2h、4h和6h三个处理,研究补光时间对小麦叶片内源激素含量、光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,夜间补光可增加小麦叶面积及旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率,以补光6h的效果最显著。与自然对照相比,夜间补光显著增加旗叶GA3、IAA、ZR含量,且激素含量的升高幅度随补光时间的延长而增加,但ABA含量受影响较小。夜间补光能显著提高灌浆前期和中期籽粒灌浆速率及千粒重和产量,其中补光6h处理的最大灌浆速率比自然对照增大16.21%,产量提高14.07%。说明小麦抽穗后适当延长光照时间有利于叶片的生长发育,可提高激素含量和光合效率,促进籽粒灌浆,增加产量。     

稻麦两熟制条件下钵苗机插方式对不同类型水稻品种米质的影响

为探明钵苗机插方式在稻麦两熟地区对水稻米质性状的影响及其品种类型间差异,本文以常规粳稻、杂交籼稻和籼粳交水稻为材料,比较了钵苗机插、毯苗机插和机械直播3种种植方式在稻麦两熟制高产栽培条件下的稻米加工品质、外观品质、营养品质、蒸煮食味品质特性变化及其品种类型间差异。结果表明,钵苗机插的整精米率比毯苗机插和机械直播分别提高1.6%和4.9%(P0.05),整精米产量分别提高7.8%和25.9%(P0.05),改善了稻米加工品质;与毯苗机插和机械直播相比,钵苗机插的稻米垩白米率、垩白面积和垩白度显著增加,对稻米外观品质有不利影响,但钵苗机插精米蛋白质含量较高,有利于稻米营养品质的改良,其精米蛋白质产量分别比毯苗机插和机械直播提高8.7%和28.0%;3种种植方式相比,钵苗机插稻米蒸煮食味品质表现出一定程度的变优趋势,其中,稻米直链淀粉含量、消减值和糊化温度呈钵苗机插毯苗机插机械直播的趋势,胶稠度、峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度和崩解值呈钵苗机插毯苗机插机械直播的趋势;食味值于种植方式间无显著差异,呈籼粳交水稻和常规粳稻钵苗机插毯苗机插机械直播,杂交籼稻毯苗机插钵苗机插机械直播的趋势。由此得出,钵苗机插不仅能增加稻谷产量,还能改善部分稻米品质特征,是稻麦两熟地区实现高产高效优质协调水稻生产的潜力型机械化种植方式。     

耕作模式对土壤生物活性与养分有效性及冬小麦产量的影响

为探讨长期玉米秸秆还田下不同耕作模式对土壤生化性状及冬小麦产量的影响,从2011年10月至2016年6月连续5个冬小麦生长季进行田间定位试验。设4个耕作处理,分别是连续旋耕秸秆不还田(RT)、连续旋耕秸秆还田(RS)、连续深耕秸秆还田(DS)及前2年旋耕秸秆还田第3年深耕秸秆还田(TS)。与RT相比,连续5年秸秆还田显著提高0~10、10~20和20~30 cm土层土壤有机碳、无机氮、速效磷、速效钾含量;土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶和蔗糖酶活性及土壤微生物多样性分别提高23.1%~59.3%、13.2%~40.7%、14.1%~28.8%、10.9%~19.5%和31.9%~42.5%。秸秆还田使各土层变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门及放线菌门的相对丰度显著提高,而酸杆菌门相对丰度则显著降低。与DS及TS相比,RS显著提高0~10 cm土层土壤养分状况及生物活性,10~30 cm土层则显著降低。连续旋耕至第3年,无论秸秆还田与否,小麦均表现减产;DS与TS处理则表现持续增产,平均年增产3.2%和3.9%。本研究表明在黄淮海东部地区,秸秆还田条件下,2年旋耕后接1年深耕的耕作模式有助于改善耕层土壤质量和提高冬小麦生产力。     

Breeding for increased grain protein and micronutrient content in wheat: Ten years of the GPC-B1 gene

To provide food and nutrition security for a growing world population, continued improvements in the yield and nutritional quality of agricultural crops will be required. Wheat is an important source of calories, protein and micronutrients and is thus a priority to breed for improvements in these traits. The GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT-B1 (GPC-B1) gene is a positive regulator of nutrient translocation which increases protein, iron and zinc concentration in the wheat grain. In the ten years since it was cloned, the impacts of GPC-B1 allelic variation on quality and yield traits have been extensively analyzed in diverse genetic backgrounds in field studies spanning forty environments and seven countries. In this review, we compile data from twenty-five studies to summarize the impact of GPC-B1 allelic variation on fifty different traits. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the functional copy of the GPC-B1 gene is associated with consistent positive effects on grain protein, Fe and Zn content with only marginally negative impacts on yield. We conclude that the GPC-B1 gene has the potential to increase nutritional and end use quality in a wide range of modern cultivars and environments and discuss the possibilities for its application in wheat breeding.     

Characteristics of starch synthesis and grain filling of common buckwheat

The common buckwheat ‘cv. Fengtian 1’ (FT1), ‘cv. Yuqiao 4’ (YQ4), ‘cv. Dingtian 2 (DT2)’, and ‘cv. Tongliao (TL)’ were selected to investigate the characteristics of starch synthesis and grain filling. The chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b contents of leaves in the third stem showed a steady downward trend with the growth of common buckwheat. Whereas, FT1, YQ4 and DT2 showed higher chlorophyll content than that of TL at 7d and 14d. The activity of soluble starch synthase(SSS) and adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGP) in the four tested varieties showed a rapid upward trend until 14 days after heading but then rapidly decreased until 21 days after heading. The average adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase activities of FT1, YQ4 and DT2 were higher than TL, while the average soluble starch synthase activities were similar among the four tested varieties. Consistently, the four tested varieties showed rapid accumulation of starch, amylose, and amylopectin during the prefilling stage, but no difference of starch content was found at maturity. The filling process of the four common buckwheat varieties exhibited an “S” curve. The Richards equation was utilized to evaluate the grain-filling process of common buckwheat. YQ4 showed the largest values of initial growth power (R₀). The time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate (t_max.G) of FT1 was the longest, and the maximum grain-filling rate (G_max) of DT2 was the fastest.     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.