土壤改良剂对冷浸田土壤特性和水稻群体质量的影响

以南方典型冷浸田为研究对象, 在明沟排水的基础上, 通过田间定位试验, 以不施土壤改良剂为对照, 研究了施用不同土壤改良剂(自研的脱硫灰改良剂、生物活性炭, 市售的土壤改良剂石灰、硅钙肥、腐植酸)对冷浸田氧化还原电位、土壤呼吸强度、土壤微生物数量、水稻群体构建及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明, 施用改良剂能够改善土壤理化性状, 提升土壤速效养分和pH,但除脱硫灰处理外, 其他改良剂处理对土壤Eh未产生显著影响。施用不同土壤改良剂在水稻各生育期均能有效增强土壤微生物呼吸强度和放线菌数量, 并且放线菌数量达到差异性显著水平(P<0.05), 生物活性炭处理下土壤呼吸强度和放线菌数量分别较对照增加67.6%和127.6%。各土壤改良剂处理与CK相比较均有助于提高叶片SPAD、茎蘖数、水稻干物质积累量、成穗数、穗粒数、产量结实率和根系伤流速率。其中以脱硫灰和生物活性炭处理改良效果最佳, 抽穗后29 d时,根系伤流速率较CK分别提高45.4%和39.1%, 叶片SPAD分别增加27.4%和22.5%; 成熟期水稻成穗数较对照提高12.1%和10.7%,干物质积累量增加68.8%和50.5%,产量分别增加12.8%和10.3%。综上所述, 土壤改良剂可有效改善冷浸田土壤特性及水稻群体质量, 脱硫灰和生物活性炭处理的改良效果最明显, 增产幅度最大。     

Effect of rice variety on methane emission from an Indonesian paddy field

Variations in CH₄ emission from a Sumatra paddy field in which 8 popular modern varieties in Indonesia were grown were compared in the 1994/1995 rainy season. Total amounts of CH₄ emitted during the period of rice growth were in the ranges of 32.6-41.7 and 51.3–64.6 g CH₄ m^-2 for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer only and those amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively. The mean CH₄ emission rate was highest in the plot with the variety Bengawan solo and lowest in the plots with the varieties Atomita-4 and Way seputih among the plots which received chemical fertilizer, while highest in the plot with Way seputih and lowest in the plot with Bengawan solo among the plots amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer. The increase in the mean CH₄ emission rates by rice straw application was higher for the plots planted with Way seputih (1.98 times) and Atomita-4 (1.77 times) than for the plots with Bengawan solo (1.23 times) and IR-64 (1.35 times). The plots with Walanai and Cisanggarung recorded intermediate mean emission rates and the increase in CH₄ emission by rice straw application was also intermediate (1.57–1.64 times). It was noteworthy that Way seputih and Atomita-4 were derived from the variety Cisadane, Bengawan solo and IR-64 from the variety IR-54, and Walanai and Cisanggarung from the varieties IR-36 and Pelita 1-1, respectively.

The amounts of CH. emitted for 1 kg grain production ranged from 53 (Atomita-4) to 74 (Kapuas and Walanai) and from 89-93 (IR-64, Bengawan solo, and Atomita-4) to 121 (Kapuas) g CH₄ kg^-1 of grain for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer and those amended with rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively.     

Effect of nitrogen application during ripening period on photosynthesis and dry matter production and its impact on yield and yield components of semidwarf iniica rice varieties under water culture conditions

Abstract

A water culture pot experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of N application during the ripening period (RP) on photosynthesis, dry matter production, and its impact on grain ripening and yield in two semidwarf indica type varieties viz. Gui Zhao 2 (GZ) and BR3 (BR) compared with a japonica type variety Koganemasari (KO) under four N rates viz. 0 (N₀), 10 (N₁₀), 20 (N₂₀), and 40 (N₄₀) mg L^?1. Results showed that N application enabled to maintain a higher leaf area and delay leaf senescence in both indica and japonica type varieties but the decrease in the rate, of leaf area was higher in the former than in the latter and the rate was reduced with increasing N rates. Flag leaf photosynthesis and SPAD values of N treated plants were higher throughout the RP, showing the presence of a significant correlation either for each variety or all the varieties together. Higher photosynthetic rate was supported by higher leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value basis) content, stomatai conductance, and N concentration in leaf blades. Top dry matter content increased with increasing N rates mainly due to mean leaf area rather than NAR except for BR during RP but it was higher in KO than in GZ and BR. Reduction of shoot weight due to translocation of dry matter to panicles during RP was suppressed by N rates both in GZ and BR while shoot weight increased in the N-treated plants in KO. The dependency of KO on current photosynthates for panicle weight was found to be almost hundred percent while the contribution of stored carbohydrates in shoot before heading to panicle weight in GZ and BR was in the range of 4-27 and 33-54%, respectively and the rest was contributed by current photosynthates. The percentage increased with increasing N rates. Percentage of ripened grains (PRG) increased with increasing N rates in GZ and BR due to the increase in dry matter production and in the photosynthetic rates of apex leaves, despite the larger spikelet number and larger hull size. However, KO showed almost no variation although it had the highest PRG among the varieties. Brown rice yield followed the same pattern as that of PRG in GZ and BR and the highest yield was produced by BR followed by GZ and KO. These results suggest that N application during RP was more effective in increasing yield in the semidwarf indica type varieties than in the japonica type variety.     

外源四环素对菜田土壤微生物活性及数量的影响

通过向土壤中添加四环素溶液的方法研究了油菜种植条件下,不同浓度(0.3,0.6,0.9mg/kg)的外源四环素对土壤微生物活性及数量的影响,以评价其环境生态效应。结果表明,土壤中加入四环素后,不同浓度的四环素药物对微生物量碳的影响表现为抑制作用,在27d达到最低,为空白的6.25%～11.97%;而对土壤代谢商qCO2却表现出明显的激活作用,7d达到最高,为空白的550%～622%,且微生物活性的受抑制—激活程度及持续时间与处理浓度成负相关,50d后施药土壤和对照组土壤的代谢商qCO2基本趋于一致。土壤中加入四环素后,各浓度处理对土壤微生物数量有强烈的抑制作用。     

不同品种小麦籽粒中戊聚糖含量分析

从全国小麦主产区收集弱筋小麦品种19份、强筋品种24份,对小麦籽粒中的戊聚糖含量以及籽粒基本品质特性进行了测定与统计分析。结果显示,不同类型与品种的小麦籽粒中总戊聚糖(TP)和水溶性戊聚糖(WSP)含量存在极显著差异（P<0.01）;强筋小麦的TP和水不溶性戊聚糖（WUP）平均值较弱筋小麦的偏高,但二者的WSP平均值基本一致。对籽粒的戊聚糖含量与其品质特性进行相关性分析发现,强筋小麦籽粒的WSP含量与籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、zel沉降值、面团稳定时间存在正相关关系;弱筋小麦籽粒WSP含量与籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、硬度、zel沉降值、形成时间存在负相关关系。通径分析结果显示,蛋白质与湿面筋含量对戊聚糖含量的影响更为显著。由本研究得出结论,强筋与弱筋类型小麦的品质指标对戊聚糖含量的影响有明显不同,建议未来戊聚糖的研究按小麦类型区别对待。     

多对象特征提取和优化神经网络的玉米种子品种识别

为了实现机器视觉代替人的视觉,对玉米种子品种进行实时、客观、准确和无损伤识别,研制了玉米品种识别硬件系统和软件系统。针对玉米种子及种子图像的特点,对玉米种子品种识别技术与算法进行了深入地研究和探索,提出了一种基于多对象有效特征提取和主成分分析优化神经网络的玉米种子品种识别方法,提取了玉米种子的几何特征和颜色特征参数,优化了基于机器视觉的玉米种子图像处理策略和品种识别算法,提高了玉米品种识别的速度和准确率。对农大108、鲁单981、郑单958、五岳18共4个品种玉米种子进行了品种识别试验,每粒种子识别的平均耗时为 0.127 s,综合识别率达到97%以上。研究表明,基于机器视觉的玉米种子品种识别与检测方法是可行的,该方法可提高玉米种子品种识别效率和正确率。     

五台山南台山地草甸种群对旅游干扰的生态响应

以五台山南台为例,利用生态位的宽度指数,研究了草甸种群对旅游干扰的生态响应。结果表明:(1)紫羊茅、珠芽蓼和北方嵩草的生态位宽度较大,是群落的建群种。随着距离的增加,旅游干扰减小,不仅物种的数量越来越多,而且其生态优势也趋于增强,说明旅游干扰限制了种群对其周围资源的利用。其中,紫羊茅的相对优势在下降,而北方嵩草的相对优势却不断增强。(2)两种划分方法表明,北方嵩草、雪白委陵菜、零零香、歪头菜、小红菊和兰花棘豆是增长型的种类;扁蓄是衰退型的种类;地榆是波动型的种类。     

低磷胁迫对不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状的影响

为研究低磷胁迫对小麦苗期性状的影响,在对照(200 μmol/L KH2PO4)和低磷(5 μmol/L KH2PO4)条件下比较了6个不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状指标。结果表明,小麦根系和地上部对低磷胁迫的反应不同,低磷诱导小麦根系伸长,根系生物量（根鲜重和根干重）增加,供试的6个小麦品种在低磷条件下的根系鲜重和干重与对照相比差异均达到显著或极显著水平。低磷处理对地上部则表现出抑制作用,但对不同品种的影响程度差异较大。总体来看,低磷胁迫处理对小麦根系性状的影响大于地上部性状,不同苗期性状受低磷胁迫影响的程度分别为：根系鲜重>最长根长>根系干重>地上部鲜重>地上部干重>苗长。6个供试小麦品种中,‘中国春’对低磷胁迫最为敏感,而‘京411’的耐低磷性相对较强。     

几种模型在玉米区域试验的适用性与品种评价中的差异研究

为了综合评价玉米区域试验的结果,采用Shukla模型、Finlay-Wilkinson模型、Eberhart-Russell模型和加性主效乘式互作模型(AMMI)等4种常用模型对中国5个类型的玉米品种区域试验资料进行了拟合与分析。结果表明,没有一个模型对所有试验资料的拟合效果都最佳,Finlay-Wilkinson模型对5个试验拟合效果均最差,AMMI模型对3个试验的数据拟合效果最佳,Shukla模型和Eberhart-Russell模型则分别对一个试验拟合效果最佳。各个模型在玉米品种产量差异显著性检验和稳定性排序等方面存在较大的差异。因此,在玉米区域试验的实际分析中应采用AMMI模型或者利用模型拟合信息量准则选用最佳的模型进行分析,以提高玉米区域试验对品种高产与稳产评价的准确性。     

近10年重庆两系水稻应用性分析

与三系杂交水稻相比,两系水稻具有育种效率高、繁制种成本低、丰产优势强、品质相对优等优势,近年来在以重庆为代表的长江流域稻区得以迅速发展。为明确重庆市两系稻产业现状及发展趋势,本文统计了2006—2015年10年间重庆市两系水稻的种植面积、主推品种及两系品种的审定情况。结果显示,10年间两系稻在种植面积上呈明显的增长态势,2014年占水稻种植总面积的17.2%,推广面积最大的两系水稻品种是‘Y两优1号’和‘深两优5814’。在品种推广上,两系主导品种比例由2006年的5.9%上升到2015年的31.3%,且两系主导品种全为优质稻品种;在品种审定上,10年间重庆市审定(认定)的两系稻品种几乎全部为市外育种单位选育的品种,重庆市内农业科研单位在两系稻品种审定上一直保持着零的记录。