局部湿润方式下玉米对不同根区氮素的吸收与分配

采用分根装置,对均匀灌水、固定灌水和交替灌水3种方式下,于1/2根区设施(15NH4)2SO4的处理;另1/2根区施入等量的 (14NH4)2SO4,研究玉米不同根区氮素的吸收与分配特征。结果表明,处理15、20、40 d时,玉米累积15N肥料氮量表现为,固定灌水下15N施在灌水区分别是非灌水区的2.37、2.95和3.41倍;交替灌水下15N施在先灌水区是后灌水区的1.57、1.08和1.06倍。作物自不同根区土壤或肥料吸收氮素占总吸氮量的百分数表明,交替灌水时,不同根区有同等贡献;固定灌水时,作物吸收的氮素绝大部分来自灌水区。根系的氮素吸收速率和根长均表现为,交替灌水两根区趋于相同;固定灌水的非灌水区明显小于灌水区,表明吸收速率和根长对作物吸收氮素都有重要作用。处理40d时,玉米各部分累积15N肥料氮占根区总吸收量百分数为地上部:均匀灌水交替灌水固定灌水;14N区根系:15N施在固定灌水的非灌水区其他4个处理;15N区根系:15N施在固定灌水的灌水区固定灌水的非灌水区和交替灌水任一根区均匀灌水。说明局部供水使根系的氮素分配明显增多,地上部减少;两种局部灌水所不同的是,固定灌水时,氮素向灌水区根系的分配大于非灌水区,交替灌水时,两根区相近。     

15N同位素稀释法测定土壤氮素总转化速率研究进展

同位素稀释法是测定土壤中N素总转化速率最重要的方法之一.自从上世纪50年代Kirkham 和 Bartholomew提出同位素稀释法的基本原理以后,随着分析技术的长足发展,一些更精确的分析和数值优化方法被广泛使用,N转化概念模型已经日益完善,使测定N的总转化速率成为现实,对土壤N素循环机制的深入研究提供了可能性.然而,15N标记方法研究土壤中N的总转化速率仍然存在较大的不确定因素.本文综述了15N同位素稀释法测定土壤N素总转化速率的原理和计算方法,以期推动同位素稀释法的研究和发展.     

N2O and NO fluxes between a Norway spruce forest soil and atmosphere as affected by prolonged summer drought

Global change scenarios predict an increasing frequency and duration of summer drought periods in Central Europe especially for higher elevation areas. Our current knowledge about the effects of soil drought on nitrogen trace gas fluxes from temperate forest soils is scarce. In this study, the effects of experimentally induced drought on soil N₂O and NO emissions were investigated in a mature Norway spruce forest in the Fichtelgebirge (northeastern Bavaria, Germany) in two consecutive years. Drought was induced by roof constructions over a period of 46 days. The experiment was run in three replicates and three non-manipulated plots served as controls. Additionally to the N₂O and NO flux measurements in weekly to monthly intervals, soil gas samples from six different soil depths were analysed in time series for N₂O concentration as well as isotope abundances to investigate N₂O dynamics within the soil. N₂O fluxes from soil to the atmosphere at the experimental plots decreased gradually during the drought period from 0.2 to −0.0 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively, and mean cumulative N₂O emissions from the manipulated plots were reduced by 43% during experimental drought compared to the controls in 2007. N₂O concentration as well as isotope abundance analysis along the soil profiles revealed that a major part of the soil acted as a net sink for N₂O, even during drought. This N₂O sink, together with diminished N₂O production in the organic layers, resulted in successively decreased N₂O fluxes during drought, and may even turn this forest soil into a net sink of atmospheric N₂O as observed in the first year of the experiment. Enhanced N₂O fluxes observed after rewetting up to 0.1 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹ were not able to compensate for the preceding drought effect. During the experiment in 2006, with soil matric potentials in 20 cm depth down to −630 hPa, cumulative NO emissions from the throughfall exclusion plots were reduced by 69% compared to the controls, whereas cumulative NO emissions from the experimental plots in 2007, with minimum soil matric potentials of −210 hPa, were 180% of those of the controls. Following wetting, the soil of the throughfall exclusion plots showed significantly larger NO fluxes compared to the controls (up to 9 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹ versus 2 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹). These fluxes were responsible for 44% of the total emission of NO throughout the whole course of the experiment. NO emissions from this forest soil usually exceeded N₂O emissions by one order of magnitude or more except during wintertime.     

Natural N abundance of plant and soil inorganic-N as evidence for over-fertilization with compost

To test the hypothesis that N isotope composition can be used as evidence of excessive compost application, we measured variation in patterns of N concentrations and corresponding δ¹⁵N values of plants and soil after compost application. To do so, a pot experiment with Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. cv. Maeryok) was conducted for 42 days. Compost was applied at rates of 0 (SC0), 500 (SC1), 1000 (SC2), and 1500 mg N kg⁻¹ soil (SC3). Plant-N uptake linearly increased with compost application (r² = 0.956, P < 0.05) with an uptake efficiency of 76 g N kg⁻¹ of compost-N at 42 days after application, while dry-mass accumulation did not show such linear increases. Net N mineralized from compost-N increased linearly (r² = 0.998, P < 0.01) with a slope of 122 g N kg⁻¹ of compost-N. Plant-δ¹⁵N increased curvilinearly with increasing compost application, but this increase was insignificant between SC2 and SC3 treatments. The δ¹⁵N of soil inorganic-N (particularly NO₃⁻-N) increased with compost application. We found that plant-δ¹⁵N reflected the N isotope signal of soil NO₃⁻-N at each measurement during plant growth, and that δ¹⁵N of inner leaves and soil NO₃⁻-N was similar when initial NO₃⁻ in the compost was abundant. Therefore, we concluded that δ¹⁵N of whole plant (more obviously in newer plant parts) and soil NO₃⁻-N could reveal whether compost application was excessive, suggesting a possible use of δ¹⁵N in plants and soil as evidence of excess compost application.     

基于地统计学和15N技术的湿地土壤氮素 空间运移理论探讨

地统计学是探讨自然环境要素空间异质性的有效工具，它适合于定量研究区域化变量的空间结构变异特征。湿地土壤氮素是时空连续的变异体，不论尺度大小均具有高度的空间异质性，而其变量又属于区域化变量，同时具有随机性和结构性特征。因15N示踪技术能够示踪氮素物质的踪迹，而用15N标记的示踪体在湿地土壤中运移时所产生的丰度变化又具有空间异质性，故可考虑将二者结合起来来定量探讨湿地土壤氮素的空间运移。在此，就试对这一问题进行了较为系统和完整的理论探讨。     

啤酒花矮化类病毒及其突变体侵染性克隆的构建和生物学活性研究

  啤酒花矮化类病毒重组突变体（HSVd D 15）是世界上报道过的仅有的一个啤酒花矮化类病毒（HSVd）分子内重组突变体。为研究其生物学活性,本文分别构建了含有HSVd和HSVd D 15 cDNA加倍串联序列的重组质粒,并对其在指示植株四叶黄瓜上的侵染活性进行了检测。结果表明：仅在接种含有HSVd cDNA多倍串联序列重组质粒的黄瓜上检测到HSVd的侵染,在同样条件下接种了含有HSVd D 15 cDNA两倍串联序列重组质粒的黄瓜上未检测到子代类病毒。HSVd D 15的生物学活性还需通过改进接种方法或将其接种无毒的自然寄主李树苗木来进一步研究。     

拟南芥AGL15基因的克隆及其植物超表达载体的构建

为了研究AGL15基因在种子发育过程中的作用,应用聚合酶链式反应技术(PCR)扩增了拟南芥AGL15基因,并将其克隆到pMD20-T vector载体上,对重组子进行PCR检测和限制性内切酶分析,并测定了该基因全序列。结果表明,该基因全长为807bp。将拟南芥AGL15基因定向克隆到植物表达载体pCambia1301的35S启动子下游,双酶切鉴定结果表明,AGL15基因在双元表达载体中的插入位置和方向都正确,即成功构建了该基因的植物超表达载体。     

施氮量对甘蔗伸长期氮肥效率及氮素去向的影响

以新台糖22号(ROC22)为试材,通过网室盆栽试验方法,研究施氮量对甘蔗伸长期氮肥效率与氮素去向的影响。结果表明:甘蔗吸收的氮素15%～27%来源于当季肥料施的氮,73%～85%来自土壤和种茎氮;氮肥利用率为21.78%～26.75%,残留率为61.24%～69.85%,损失率为8.37%～12.02%。增施氮肥,甘蔗干物质积累量、氮素积累量、来源于肥料氮素的比率及氮肥吸收量、氮肥残留量、氮肥损失量以及氮肥残留率明显增加,而氮肥吸收率和损失率明显下降,氮素和干物质在蔗茎的分配呈下降趋势,同时氮素残留分布在0～20 cm土层呈上升趋势,在20～40 cm土层呈下降趋势。     

人白细胞介素-15的高效表达

采用限制性核酸内切酶酶切鉴定含IL-15基因的重组质粒,SDS-PAGE检测不同条件下IL-15基因的表达情况,并对表达条件进行优化。经酶切鉴定和核苷酸序列测定证实重组质粒pET28c（＋）-IL-15含有IL-15基因且阅读框架正确,以IPTG诱导IL-15基因表达的优化条件是：培养基pH7．0,培养温度37℃,IPTG浓度1．0mmol／L,茵体生长密度0D600达到1．0时加入IPTG,诱导时间3h,IL-15蛋白表达量为28％,为IL-15的生产工艺研究提供了可靠的试验数据。     

T-2毒素致猪肾细胞损伤及氧化应激相关机理的研究

试验旨在研究T-2毒素对猪肾细胞(PK15)的毒性作用及其氧化应激反应。用不同浓度的T-2毒素处理细胞,通过MTT法检测细胞活性、测定细胞内乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放率及苏木素伊红(HE)染色观察细胞形态变化评估T-2毒素对细胞的毒性作用;通过检测细胞内的活性氧(ROS)水平、丙二醛(MDA)含量及谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性,评估不同剂量T-2毒素对细胞氧化应激水平的影响;检测Nrf2-ARE信号通路相关基因Nrf2、Keap1、GPx-1、Nqo1及Hmox1 mRNA的表达水平,分析T-2毒素对该信号通路的影响。结果表明,PK15细胞活性呈毒素剂量依赖性下降(P<0.05),LDH释放率呈毒素剂量依赖性上调(P<0.05);随T-2毒素剂量升高,细胞间隙逐渐增加,细胞固缩,细胞数量也随之减少。细胞内ROS阳性细胞率呈剂量依赖性升高,且T-2毒素为100 nmol/L时,ROS阳性细胞率显著高于其他剂量组(P<0.05);细胞内MDA含量与GPx活性呈毒素剂量依赖性升高(P<0.05),而GSH含量呈毒素剂量依赖性下降(P<0.05)。20、50及100 nmol/L的T-2毒素可显著上调Keap1、Gpx-1及Nqo1基因mRNA的相对表达量(P<0.05),且50 nmol/L的相对表达量最高。T-2毒素对K15细胞有毒性作用,可诱导其氧化损伤,且该氧化应激过程受Nrf2-AER信号通路调控。