Breeding for end-use quality: Reflections on the Nebraska experience

Every cultivar released in Nebraska must have four characteristics:improved agronomic performance relative to existing cultivars, exceptionalwinterhardiness, resistance to Puccinia graminis (the causal agent ofstem rust), and acceptable end-use quality. This paper will discuss ourstrategy for breeding cultivars with acceptable end-use quality. Allexperimental lines are derived from crosses with at least one or moreparents with acceptable end-use quality. As soon as individual lines areidentified (F₅) generation, microquality analyses are conducted andapproximately 10% are discarded on the basis of poor end-use quality. Inthe F₆ and later generations, samples are composited from three ormore locations/year, milled on a Buhler Mill, and baked using 100 g offlour per loaf. Though genotype-by-environmental interactions are large forend-use quality traits, composite samples are satisfactory for determiningthe end-use quality when repeated over time. By using phenotypicselection, the program has released cultivars with acceptable qualityinvolving known `poor' quality genes and chromosomes, such ashigh-molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits 2+12 (Scout 66 andLancota), 1BL.1RS (heterogeneous in Rawhide and homogeneous inCougar), and 1AL.1RS (heterogeneous in Nekota and Niobrara).Phenotypic selection is preferred to genotypic selection.     

High molecular weight glutenin subunits of current bread wheats grown in Iran

Variation of high molecular weight gluteninsubunits (HMW-GS) at the Glu-1 lociwas studied using SDS-PAGE method in 43advanced lines or cultivars commonly grownin Iran. Fourteen alleles and 21 alleliccompositions were detected. Among the 43bread wheats analysed only five showed aunique HMW-GS composition. The mostfrequent HMW-GS patterns were 2^*, 7+8,2+12 and 2^*, 17+18, 2+12 which wereobserved in 13 and six cultivars,respectively. In the remainings, each twoto three lines or cultivars showed a commonHMW-GS pattern. Therefore, allelicvariation at Glu-1 loci is of limitedvalue for cultivar identification comparedwith loci controlling gliadins. Sevencultivars were observed to consist of twoto three biotypes with different alleles.In cultivar Mahdavi a biotype showedinactivity at the Glu-B1 locus. Analready reported rare subunit pair'2^***+12' at Glu-D1locus was found in cultivar Kavir. Theresults of scoring cultivars for theirquality based on the HMW-GS compositionswith an average score of eight, wasgenerally good. Cultivars Inia, Tajan, andadvanced lines N-75-11 and N-75-15 showedquality score equal to 10, whereas Alamootand C-75-5 showed quality scores equal tofive. The quality of former and latterlines and cultivars were considered highestand lowest, respectively. The resultsobtained in this study are useful inbreeding programs to improve bread makingquality, developing uniformity andimproving heterogeneous cultivars by meansof selection of the best genotypes.     

山西省不同来源小麦品种(系)的HMW-GS组成分析

为了解山西小麦品质现状并且为今后山西小麦育种提供材料和依据,利用十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)方法分析123份山西小麦品种资源高分子量谷蛋白亚基(High molecular weight glutenin subunits,HMW-GS)的组成。结果表明:在123份供试材料中,共检测出18种HMW-GS,其中Glu-A1位点上有1、2*和Null共3种,Glu-B1位点上有7+8、7+9、7、6+8、17+18、14+15、20、13+16和13+19共9种,Glu-D1位点上有2+12、5+10、5+12、2+10、3+12和4+12共6种;亚基Null、7+8和2+12在各自位点上出现频率最高,分别为78.05%、60.16%和65.85%。亚基组合类型共34种,主要是Null/7+8/2+12,占45.53%,其次是Null/7+9/2+12,占12.20%,优良亚基组合类型1/7+8/5+10与1/17+18/5+10相当缺乏。育成品种与地方品种比较分析发现,在Glu-A1位点上优良亚基1提高14.16%;Glu-B1位点上7+8下降9.05%;Glu-D1位点上5+10在地方品种中没有出现,但在育成品种中达14.89%。同时筛选出10份得9和10分的优质品种资源,还有12份含稀有亚基的品种资源,可作为山西今后小麦品质育种的亲本材料。     

Assessment of genetic variability in hexaploid wheat landraces of Pakistan based on polymorphism for HMW glutenin subunits

Summary Sixty hexaploid wheat landraces collected from five regions of Pakistan were assessed for genetic variability in terms of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits as revealed by SDS-PAGE. The germplasm appeared to be diverse and unique on the basis of HMW glutenin subunit compositions. Out of 24 alleles detected at all the Glu-1 loci, four belonged to Glu-A1, 12 to Glu-B1 and eight to Glu-D1 locus. The number of novel HMW glutenin subunits detected were 1, 4 and 6 at the three loci (Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1), respectively. The frequency distribution patterns of 24 allelic variants detected at the three Glu-1 loci in 1080 samples analysed for 60 accessions were determined both on the basis of individual accessions and on the basis of regions (accessions pooled across the regions). One allele (null) at the Glu-A1 locus, three alleles (17+18, 7+8, 14) at the Glu-B1 locus and, two alleles (2+12 and 2^**+12) at the Glu-D1 locus were found most frequently distributed in the 60 populations. Maximum variation was observed in the Baluchistan and Gilgit regions of Pakistan in terms of distribution of novel Glu-1 alleles. A higher gene diversity was observed between the populations as compared to the gene diversity within the populations while, a reverse pattern of gene diversity was observed when populations were pooled across the regions (higher within the regions than between the regions). A data base has been generated in this study which could be expanded and usefully exploited for cultivar development or management of gene bank accessions.     

Modification of protein structure and dough rheological properties of wheat flour through superheated steam treatment

Native (NF, 13.5% w.b) and moistened (MF, 27% w.b) wheat flours were treated with superheated steam (SS) at 170 °C for 1, 2 and 4 min, and their protein structure as well as dough rheological properties were analyzed. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and SDS-PAGE patterns indicated the formation of protein aggregates with reduced SDS extractability after treatment. Farinograph and dynamic rheometry measurements showed that the strength as well as elastic and viscous moduli of the dough made from SS-treated flours progressively increased with SS treatment time. And both the improvements were more pronounced for superheated steam-treated moistened flours (SS-MF) than for superheated steam-treated native flours (SS-NF). Size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) analysis demonstrated that dough rheological parameters have positive correlations with SDS unextractable polymeric proteins (UPP) contents. SS treatment on flours led to a transition of protein secondary structures to more ordered form (α-helix and β-sheet). Additionally, free sulfhydryl (SH) contents decreased after treatment, which implied that disulfide bonds accounted for protein extractability loss and dough rheological properties improvement. Elevated moisture level promoted the modification of both protein structure and dough behaviors of flours during SS treatment.     

Multiple heat and drought events affect grain yield and accumulations of high molecular weight glutenin subunits and glutenin macropolymers in wheat

Spring wheat plants were subjected to water deficit and/or high temperature episodes at spikelet initiation, anthesis or both stages. The stresses modified the early dough stage and maturity, shortened the kernel desiccation period and caused grain yield loss. Plants subjected to stress at the early growth stages had higher grain yields than the non-early-stressed plants when stress reoccurred at anthesis. Concentrations of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in grain were up-regulated by the single early drought, the early drought combined with late heat and the double drought stress treatments, but was down-regulated by the early heat and double heat stress events. Concentration of glutenin macropolymers was increased by the single early drought episode, the single late drought and heat events, as well as the early drought combined with the late heat stress, but was reduced by the early heat stress and double heat events.     

17 18亚基对黑龙江省小麦品种烘烤品质影响的初步研究

利用生化标记和选择性回交方法(5次)将17 18亚基转移到了黑龙江省主栽小麦品种克旱9、克丰3和龙麦20之中。试验结果表明：同一品种的7 8或7 9亚基类型与其相应的17 18亚基类型相比，其Zeleny沉降值与干面筋比值除龙麦20略高外，其它品种均有较大程度下降。3个品种的17 18亚基类型的面团稳定时间和最大抗延阻力与7 8或7 9亚基类型相比均有较大降低。     

Glu-B1位点亚基色谱鉴定及7OE对面团强度的影响

准确鉴定高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)及探讨其对面团特性的影响是小麦品质研究的重要内容。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)对62份品种(系)的HMW-GS组成进行鉴定。结果表明,结合SDS-PAGE和RP-HPLC两种方法可以对Glu-B1位点,尤其是Glu-B1(7 8)进行有效鉴定。选用13份姊妹系为材料,使用RP-HPLC和凝胶色谱(SE-HPLC)方法,研究了Glu-B1al(7OE 8*)以及贮藏蛋白组分含量对面团强度的影响。结果表明,Glu-B1al(7OE 8*)可显著提高HWM-GS总量和面团强度,7OE可作为优质亚基用于强筋小麦育种。相关性分析表明,谷蛋白总量、HWM-GS、LMW-GS以及x-HMW含量与最大抗阻力呈1%显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.76、0.76、0.77和0.72。SDS-不溶性谷蛋白大聚体(UPP)占谷蛋白聚合体总量的百分比与揉面仪峰值时间、粉质仪形成时间和稳定时间以及最大抗阻呈1%或0.1%显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.77、0.90、0.89和0.87。醇溶蛋白与谷蛋白含量的比值与揉面仪峰值时间呈1%显著负相关,相关系数为-0.69;与粉质仪稳定时间和最大抗阻呈5%显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.58和-0.64。HPLC可有效分离和量化HWM-GS,并作为小麦品质育种有效的辅助手段。     

对小麦不同HMW麦谷蛋白亚基质量评分系统的评价

小麦HMW麦谷蛋白亚基组成不同是造成各品种间烘烤品质差异的主要原因。不同研究者分别依据亚基间沉淀值（Payne等,1987）、评价值（傅宾孝等．1989）、抗延伸力（赵友梅等,1990）以及包括沉淀值在内的多个性状（赵和等,1994）的差异。先后建立了各自的评分系统。比较研究结果表明,前3种亚基评分系统对亚基的质量评分具有一定的共性,个别亚基的评分则存在差异;赵和等（1994）的评分系统则侧重考虑1D控制的亚基对烘烤品质的决定性作用,1A和1B控制的亚基作用甚小,因而与其余3种评分方法存在较大分歧。相关分析结果表明,就评价中国小麦品种的品质而言,国内制订的评分系统优于国外的。除容重、灰分等性状外,HMW麦谷蛋白亚基组成与大多数品质性状呈显著或极显著相关关系．     

Segregation for isozymes and HMW glutenins in a doubled-haploid cross of winter wheat carrying 1BL.1RS and 5DL.5RS translocations from rye

The doubled haploid (DH) wheat line ‘dh 5841’ carrying two translocations from rye, 5DL.5RS and 1BL.1RS, has been crossed to the subline of wheat cultivar ‘Amadeus 7143’ with a 1BL.1RS translocation. The resulting F₁ hybrid IJ 98 with a heterozygous 5DL.5DS‐5DL.5RS chromosome pair has been used to produce doubled haploids. A total of 57 DH lines were obtained from plantlets regenerated in anther culture after successful colchicine treatment and seed set. These lines were identified regarding the constitution of chromosome 5D (5DL.5DS or 5DL.5RS) by means of isoenzyme marker analysis. Thirty DH lines possessed the 5DL.5DS chromosome, while the remaining 27 lines carried the 5DL.5RS translocation. For some of these lines, the 5DL.5RS chromosome was cytologically confirmed by C‐banding. Furthermore, the DH lines were evaluated for their high molecular weight glutenin subunit composition. All possible combinations for the four independent loci —Skdh, Glu‐Al, Glu‐B1 and Glu‐D1— were detected in only 57 DH lines and no segregation distortion was observed.