Using traffic flow theory to model traffic mortality in mammals

Traffic has a considerable effect on population and community dynamics through the disruption and fragmentation of habitat and traffic mortality. This paper deals with a systematic way to acquire knowledge about the probabilities of successful road crossing by mammals and what characteristics affect this traversability. We derive a model from traffic flow theory to estimate traffic mortality in mammals related to relevant road, traffic and species characteristics. The probability of successful road crossing is determined by the pavement width of the road, traffic volume, traversing speed of the mammals and their body length. We include the traversability model in a simple two-patch population model to explore the effects of these road, traffic and species characteristics on population dynamics. Analysis of the models show that, for our parameter ranges, traffic volume and traversing speed have the largest effect on traffic mortality. The population size is especially negatively affected when roads have to be crossed during the daily movements. These predictions could be useful to determine the expected effectiveness of mitigating measures relative to the current situation. Mitigating measures might alter the road and traffic characteristics. The effects of these changes on traffic mortality and population dynamics could be analysed by calculating the number of traffic victims before and after the mitigating measures. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The effect of non-inversion tillage and light availability on dispersal and spatial growth of Cynodon dactylon

The invasive ability of Cynodon dactylon is dependent on self dispersal and on cultivation practices. Tillage can seriously change patch biomass and spatial structure, spreading vegetative propagules of the weed. The objectives of this study were: (i) to quantify the effect on non‐inversion tillage on dispersal, establishment and colonization of C. dactylon and (ii) to propose a simple model considering soil cultivation effects and light availability on spatial growth of weed patches. Two experiments were carried out, exploring different soils and environmental conditions. Spatial distribution of vegetative units differed when tillage was conducted with different non‐inversion implements and could be described by simple functions. A minimum patch biomass seems necessary before vegetative structures are vulnerable to movement by cultivation. Only a small proportion of the biomass dispersed from original patches was able to establish. However, simulation showed that the area colonized by C. dactylon mostly increased by means of tillage dispersal, both with and without crop competition, in one growing cycle. It appears sensible to consider changing cultivation practices to reduce weed dispersal and to use crop competition for light to create unsuitable habitats limiting weed colonization.     

Body weight growth Model of Datong Yak in Qinghai

Summary:This study was conducted to develop a suitable model for describing the growth pattern of the yak. The data used consisted of body weight records of 76 growing yak aged between 5 to 37 months. Three mathematical models were applied to describe the growth curves during this development period:①Y1=20.105 + 11. 250x-0. 526x2 ;used for describing the growth curve of yak aged 5 to 13 months;②Y2 = -359.687 + 49. 977x - 1. 249x2 ;used for animals aged 13 to 25 months;and ③Y3 = -833. 339 + 63. 772x - 1. 019x2 ;used for animals aged 25 to 37 months.     

Effect of dasatinib in a xenograft mouse model of canine histiocytic sarcoma and in vitro expression status of its potential target EPHA2

Canine histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an aggressive and highly metastatic tumor. Previously, the kinase inhibitor dasatinib was shown to have potent growth inhibitory activity against HS cells in vitro, possibly via targeting the EPHA2 receptor. Here, the in vivo effect of dasatinib in HS cells was investigated using a xenograft mouse model. Moreover, the expression status of EPHA2 was examined in six HS cell lines, ranging from insensitive to highly sensitive to dasatinib. In the HS xenograft mouse model, dasatinib significantly suppressed tumor growth, as illustrated by a decrease in mitotic and Ki67 indices and an increase in apoptotic index in tumor tissues. On Western blot analysis, EPHA2 was only weakly detected in all HS cell lines, regardless of sensitivity to dasatinib. Dasatinib likely results in the inhibition of xenograft tumor growth via a mechanism other than targeting EPHA2. The findings of this study suggest that dasatinib is a targeted therapy drug worthy of further exploration for the treatment of canine HS.     

凤头白鸭与连城白鸭的群体遗传多样性分析

为系统地评价、保护凤头白鸭资源的遗传多样性,进一步对其开发利用,本研究利用12个微卫星位点(STR分型技术)对凤头白鸭与连城白鸭(各60只)2个群体的遗传多样性参数进行检测和计算。结果表明:除位点AJ272578以外,凤头白鸭群体在APL2、AJ272577、AJ272579、AJ515884、APH01、AY493256、AY4932898、CMO11等8个STR位点上的等位基因多于连城白鸭,在AJ515887、AJ515893、AY493313等3个位点上与连城白鸭相等;凤头白鸭群体的有效等位基因数(Ne)、期望杂合度(He)、观察杂合度(Ho)、多态信息含量(PIC)均大于连城白鸭;2个群体的群体内近交系数(Fis)分别为-0.02、0.09,凤头白鸭群体表现为杂合子过剩。综上,凤头白鸭群体的遗传多样性较连城白鸭更为丰富。     

狼山鸡保种群不同世代MHC BF基因遗传多样性研究

通过Illumina平台Miseq重测序方法分析不同世代(G0、G5、G10、G12、G14、G15、G17)的MHC BF1和BF2基因座位多态性,揭示狼山鸡不同世代间MHC BF基因遗传多样性,为更好地监测保种效果提供科学的决策依据。在狼山鸡7个世代中分别鉴定出MHC BF1、BF2基因59和34个SNPs。狼山鸡MHC BF1基因观察杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)和多态信息含量(PIC)在G10、G12、G14保持稳定,Ho在不同世代变化情况为G17G15G14、G12、G10G5G0,He和PIC在不同世代变化情况为G17、G15G14、G12、G10G5G0,MHC BF2基因的Ho在G10、G14、G15保持稳定,其他世代变化情况为G17、G12G15、G14、G10G0、G5;He和PIC在G12、G14、G15和G17保持稳定,在其他世代变化情况为G17、G15、G14、G12G10G5、G0。从本研究结果看,狼山鸡不同世代MHC BF1和BF2遗传多样性变化规律不太一致,但总体规律符合波动选择(时空变换的选择)假说,随着时间的推移MHC BF基因遗传多样性变得更为丰富,在某些连续几个世代群体遗传多样性基本保持稳定,这可能与MHC BF基因功能有关。     

甘蓝尖椒新品种及新栽培技术模式研究与推广

经4年试验示范推广,在冀东加苫加后土墙型冷棚中,摸索出甘蓝尖椒新品种及新栽培模式,即选用新品种甘蓝精选8398,尖椒冀冬35。精选8398在8月下旬至9月上旬播种,定植密度67 500株/hm2;冀冬35在11月下旬播种,单株定植,密度46 500株/hm2。试验表明:甘蓝精选8398平均产量54 225 kg/hm2,收获期集中在元旦、春节,比对照中甘11增产6 525 kg/hm2,增产率达12.03%,产值高29 520元/hm2;尖椒冀冬35平均产量78 430 kg/hm2,4月上旬采收,比对照朝研牛角椒提前25 d左右上市,增产19 530 kg/hm2,增产率达24.90%,产值高41 075元/hm2。该模式平均纯效益161 312元/hm2,比传统栽培模式高78 189元/hm2,在京、津、冀等北方地区有着广泛的推广价值。     

面向多类型土壤有机碳定量反演的天基高光谱探测参数研究

星载高光谱仪器的光谱通道以及光谱分辨率和信噪比等核心参数设置直接影响土壤有机碳定量反演精度。本研究开展了卫星载荷光谱分辨率、信噪比、光谱特征波段对不同土壤类型有机碳反演影响的研究,提出了基于大气传输模型、光谱分辨率分析模型、信噪比分析模型、特征波段的提取分析模型以及偏最小二乘回归反演模型的面向不同土壤类型有机碳监测的高光谱卫星“地面–大气–仪器–观测–反演”全链路仿真分析方法,实现了土壤类型、大气效应、仪器特性参数、反演方法的耦合影响分析。结果表明：①3种类型土壤有机碳反演的最佳光谱分辨率均在10~20 nm。②不同土壤类型对观测的信噪比需求不同。对于Phaeozem的有机碳监测,较另外两种土壤有更高的信噪比需求。③在不同特征波段提取分析方法下所需的最佳光谱分辨率和信噪比一致。不同类型土壤光谱数据提取出的特征波段不同,其中反演效果最佳的土壤类型为Chernozem,特征波段数为26个,R²=0.826 5,RMSE=3.438 9 g/kg。④反演模型与仪器特性参数无耦合关系,同一类型土壤不同反演算法的最佳光谱分辨率和信噪比需求一致。⑤Chernozem有机碳最佳反演参数需求为光谱分辨率15 nm,信噪比大于506.66,特征波段提取数为26个;Kastanozem有机碳最佳反演参数需求为光谱分辨率17 nm,信噪比大于331.42,特征波段提取数为22个;Phaeozem有机碳最佳反演参数需求为光谱分辨率15 nm,信噪比大于432.51,特征波段提取数为19个。     

西北太平洋公海柔鱼和日本爪乌贼个体发育期营养生态位变化分析

为了更好的了解柔鱼和日本爪乌贼个体发育期营养生态位变化,根据2021-2022年“淞航”号渔业资源调查船所采集36尾柔鱼和30尾日本爪乌贼样本,对其眼睛晶体进行了碳氮稳定同位素分析。结果表明：柔鱼个体δ13C、δ15N值变化幅度分别为0.10‰-1.68‰、0.79‰-7.51‰;日本爪乌贼个体δ13C、δ15N值变化幅度分别为0.15‰-1.20‰、0.81‰-7.05‰。柔鱼、日本爪乌贼生态位面积变化范围分别为0.40‰2-5.85‰2、0.27‰2-5.36‰2。GAM模型分析显示：柔鱼眼睛晶体δ13C、δ15N与晶体直径均具有显著的相关性（P<0.01）,偏差解释率分别为31.9%和34.3%。日本爪乌贼眼睛晶体δ13C、δ15N与晶体直径均具有显著的相关性（P<0.01）,偏差解释率分别为12.9%和19.4%。分析认为,个体营养生态位的变化幅度较大,侧面反映了西北太平洋黑潮-亲潮过渡区同位素基线值变化幅度较大;该海域的柔鱼、日本爪乌贼个体摄食水平存在很大差异;个体发育和基线值是影响组织δ13C、δ15N值的因素。     

江苏省4个太湖新银鱼种群遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)是我国特有的银鱼种类,主要分布在长江和淮河中下游及其附属湖泊,近年来其资源量呈明显下降趋势。为了解太湖新银鱼遗传背景,本研究采用线粒体细胞色素b (Cytochrome b, Cyt b)基因序列,分析了江苏省太湖、高邮湖、洪泽湖和骆马湖4个太湖新银鱼野生群体共144尾样本的遗传多样性及遗传结构。结果显示,太湖新银鱼Cyt b基因序列共发现29个变异位点,定义25个单倍型;平均单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.682±0.037,核苷酸多样性(π)为0.00231±0.00021;4个群体中,高邮湖群体的遗传多样性最高(Hd: 0.609±0.078; π: 0.00094± 0.00027),太湖群体的遗传多样性最低(Hd: 0.343±0.107; π: 0.00075±0.00033)。分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,太湖新银鱼群体间遗传差异(71.53%)大于群体内遗传差异(28.47%),遗传变异主要来自于群体间。遗传分化指数Fst值统计检验表明,骆马湖群体与太湖、高邮湖和洪泽湖群体之间有显著性差异。分子系统树和单倍型网络进化图分析显示,25个单倍型形成2个明显的地理分支,一支由太湖群体、高邮湖群体和洪泽湖群体组成,另一支由骆马湖群体组成。中性检验和错配分布图分析表明,太湖新银鱼历史上发生过群体扩张。整体来看,太湖新银鱼野生种群遗传多样性较低,应加强种质资源保护。建议将太湖、高邮湖群体和洪泽湖群体作为整体进行管理和保护,骆马湖群体单独管理和保护。