奶酪风味的研究进展

综述了奶酪风味的研究进展,对奶酪的风味物质以及风味物质的提取与分析方法作了重点概述.     

青藏高原植物香芸火绒草挥发油的超临界CO2萃取及GC-MS分析

通过对高原植物香芸火绒草超临界CO2萃取的研究，获得了温度45℃、压力18MPa为其相对较佳提取条件，提取产物为黄绿色浸膏，得率为0．87％。将该浸膏精制成净油，其得率为60．2％。进一步通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC—MS）对净油分析，鉴定出其中的15种化学成分，并通过峰面积归一法确定了它们的相对含量。挥发油成分主要为：邻苯二甲酸异辛酯、高良姜素黄烷酮、α-甜没药萜醇、橙花叔醇、胡萝卜醇、棕榈酸等。通过对香芸火绒草挥发油成分的研究，为高原特有植物资源的进一步开发利用提供了试验依据。     

猪屎豆种子脂溶性成分及其抗氧化活性研究

运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对猪屎豆种子中脂溶性成分进行分析,应用色谱峰面积归一化法定量分析各成分的相对百分含量,共分离鉴定出37个化合物,占其总量的70.52%。同时采用清除DPPH自由基能力的方法对猪屎豆种子中的脂溶性成分进行抗氧化活性测定,结果显示一定的抗氧化活性,其IC50为560.3μg/mL。     

沙芦草种子发芽抑制物的初步探究

沙芦草又称蒙古冰草,具有抗旱、抗寒、抗病、耐盐碱等优良性状,是荒漠草原和典型草原地带沙地主要植被之一。沙芦草种子存在发芽率低、发芽持续时间长等野生特性,这对沙芦草人工种子繁育和生产利用造成一定程度的影响。为探究沙芦草种子休眠机制,试验分别用石油醚、乙醚、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、丙酮等5种有机溶剂和纯水对沙芦草种子稃壳进行浸提,利用白菜种子发芽试验测定各提取相的抑制性,通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）对5种有机溶剂浸提液进行分离鉴定,确定浸提物质的种类和性质。结果表明：沙芦草种子稃壳的各相浸提液对白菜种子的发芽率、根长及苗高均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中抑制作用最强的是水相,其次是乙酸乙酯相和甲醇相;通过GC-MS检测,发现沙芦草种子稃壳中存在烷类、醇类、酯类、酮类、苯类、酰胺、缩醛、酸类和酚类等9类32种有机化合物,其中醇类、酮类和烷类物质的含量相对较高,且大部分为水溶性物质。因此,沙芦草种子稃壳中存在的醇类、酮类和烷类等可溶性物质是引起沙芦草种子休眠的主要原因之一,该研究可为寻找沙芦草种子休眠破除方法提供理论依据。     

结香鲜花香气化学成分的研究

采用固相微萃取(SPME)吸附采集结香(Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl.)鲜花的香气成分，用色谱-质谱联用分析鉴定，并用GC-MS总离子流色谱峰的峰面积进行归一化定量分析结香鲜花的香气成分，鉴定出γ-萜品烯56．41％、乙酸苄酯10．77％、β-苯乙基乙酸酯9．58％、3，7-二甲基-2，6-辛二烯-1-醇乙酯5．61％、水杨酸甲酯3．91％、苯甲酸甲酯2．85％、反式罗勒烯1．80％、苯甲醛1．75％和3-甲基-3-癸烯-2-酮1．40％等30种化合物。固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法是一种可用于鲜花香气成分分析的简单可行的分析方法。     

气质联用技术在红木挥发油成分分析中的应用

香气包含有多种挥发性物质,是红木识别鉴定的重要辅助特征.采用气相色谱质谱联用技术比较分析了4种红木木材挥发油化学组成的异同.结果表明:鸟足紫檀与大果紫檀的挥发油色谱峰相近,两者具有较多共有谱峰;微凹黄檀与刀状黑黄檀的挥发油色谱峰相似,但特有色谱峰较明显.鸟足紫檀和大果紫檀挥发油主要组分为八氢-4a,8-四甲基-2-萘甲醇、十氢-4a-三甲基-8-亚甲基-2-萘甲醇和6a,11a-二氢-3,9-二甲氧基-6H-二苯并呋喃;微凹黄檀和刀状黑黄檀挥发油主要组分为1,7,7-三甲基苯亚乙基双环[2,2,1]庚-2-酮;刀状黑黄檀还含有较多的9-甲氧基-2,3,5,7-四甲基吡咯并喹啉和4-甲基-2-[5-(2-噻吩基)吡唑-3-基]苯酚.挥发油色谱峰和化学组成的差异可用于红木材种鉴别,同时为红木的精细化利用提供参考.     

GC-MS and IR spectroscopic analyses of the lignin-derived products from softwood and hardwood treated in supercritical water

Softwood (Cryptomeria japonica) and hardwood (Fagus crenata) were treated in supercritical water (380°C, 100 MPa) for 8 s. The treated woods were fractionated to the water-soluble portion, methanol-soluble portion, and methanol-insoluble residues. For the methanol-soluble portion, which mainly consisted of lignin-derived products, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analyses were conducted to clarify the molecular weight distribution and to identify the monomeric products, respectively. GPC analysis revealed that the methanol-soluble portion contains monomeric and some oligomeric products. GC-MS analysis identified 19 guaiacyl compounds in the methanol-soluble portion from softwood, and 15 syringyl monomeric compounds in the methanol-soluble portion from hardwood. The structures of identified products included not only phenyl propane (C₆—C₃) units but also C₆—C₂ and C₆—C₁ units. In addition, the infrared spectra suggested that the methanol-soluble portion maintains the typical structure of lignin, although it is rich in condensed-type linkages with some changes in the propyl side chain. These results indicate that the supercritical water treatment cleaves not only ether linkages but also part of the propyl chains in lignin to give various aromatic compounds.     

Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of lignin-derived products from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> treated in supercritical water

Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) wood was treated with supercritical water (374°C, 22.1MPa), and fractionated into the water-soluble portion, the methanol-soluble portion, and the methanol-insoluble residue. The methanol-soluble portion mainly consisted of the lignin-derived products. To characterize the compounds in the methanol-soluble portion, gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analyses were performed. The GPC analysis indicated that the methanol-soluble portion contained lignin-derived monomeric and dimeric products. GC-MS analysis detected 31 products which were expected to be monomeric compounds, and 18 of these were identified to be guaiacol, methylguaiacol, ethylguaiacol, vinylguaiacol, eugenol, propylguaiacol, vanillin, cis-isoeugenol, homovanillin, trans-isoeugenol, acetoguaiacone, propioguaiacone, guaiacylacetone, 2-methoxy-4-(1-hydroxypropyl)phenol, homovanillic acid, 2-methoxy-4-(prop-1-en-3-one)phenol, coniferyl aldehyde, and ferulic acid. In addition, 22 dimeric products were detected, and 4 of these were believed to be compounds with biphenyl type (5-5), diphenylethane type (-1), stilbene type (-1), and phenylcoumaran type (-5) structures. These results clearly indicated that the methanol-soluble portion included various monomeric and dimeric compounds produced as a result of the cleavage of ether linkages and propyl chains of lignin.     

干制对玫瑰花芳香品质的影响研究

玫瑰花是著名的药用、茶用材料,干制是其广泛采用的加工方式。为阐明玫瑰花朵干制过程中芳香物质的变化规律,以‘丰花’‘苦水’玫瑰为材料,采用烘箱干制不同时期的玫瑰花朵,并利用气相色谱质谱联用技术定量分析花朵烘干后芳香物质的含量情况。结果表明,采用50 ℃干燥条件,各品种开放花朵、花蕾分别需要烘干5.5、12 h达到质量恒定;玫瑰不同时期花朵干制后共检测出21种挥发成分,大蕾期、半开期检测到的挥发成分种类多于小蕾期与盛花期;定量分析干制后玫瑰花朵特征芳香成分,‘丰花’‘苦水’玫瑰中苯甲醇、苯乙醇、香茅醇等分别在大蕾期保存较多,盛花期保留最少。该研究的实施明确了玫瑰干制过程中芳香物质的保留规律,为进一步优化玫瑰干制技术体系,促进玫瑰产业健康发展提供了试验支持。     

海产品中溴酚类海洋风味素的气相色谱—质谱联用分析

建立了海产品中的溴酚类海洋风味素的毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用检测法。样品中溴酚类化合物在挥发油测定器中用乙酸乙酯通过循环蒸馏萃取,浓缩后用电子轰击源在特征离子碎片扫描检测模式下进行检测。结果表明,5种溴酚类化合物在SBP-50柱上得到良好的分离,色谱出峰尖锐,没有杂峰干扰。本方法在2.5～40 mg·L~(-1)浓度范围内线性关系良好,最低检测限低于1ng·mL~(-1)。当向25.00g样品中添加溴苯酚各2.0μg时,平均回收率分别达到90.45％(2-BP)、60.49％(4-BP)、85.79％(2,4-DBP)、84.98％(2,6-DBP)、90.80％(2,4,6-TBP),标准相对偏差为1.37％～4.16％。对市场上销售的几种海洋经济动物测定,溴酚类风味素含量在5.40～31.38 ng·g~(-1)范围内,而所测得的淡水青虾中溴酚类风味素含量只有0.18 ng·g~(-1)。