Discussion on Direction of Circular Flow of Reversed Return Hot Water System

Aiming at the central mechanical circulated hot water supply system recommended by the current code, the criteria of water flow direction in the pipes of transport and distribution is brought forward based on the hydraulic principle, followed by the analysing with charts of flow directions in the reversed return hot water system consisting of two, three and several vertical pipes in the working conditions of simple return and a little water distributing. There are several directions of circular flow, the only working condition of simple return and single water flow direction which applied in current hydraulic calculation of reversed return hot water supply system is incomplete, certain hydraulic precondition is necessary to ensure circular flow flowing in each vertical pipe as the assumed direction in the course of hydraulic calculation.     

木材干燥窑风机回转可调控引导送风系统

为改善常规木材干燥窑能耗大、送风不均匀和效率低等不足,研制了干燥窑风机回转送风装置和可调控引导送风装置.实践表明,这两种装置可使送风气流量增加,木材干燥窑节电60%,干燥周期平均缩短2天;省去挡风板,使干燥窑高度降低约0.5 m,节省了干燥窑初期投资约2万元;材堆装卸简便,设备维护保养方便.     

北京山区农村居民点整理用地转换方向模拟

农村居民点用地不同转换方向将对区域景观格局带来不同的环境效应,如何因地制宜地科学确定农村居民点整理方向是当前农村居民点整理工作中需解决的一个重要基础理论问题。该文使用CA-Markov模型对北京山区未来土地利用进行了多情景模拟,进而对其景观格局指数进行了比较分析,以反映不同农村居民点转换方向引起的不同环境效应。研究结果表明,山区农村居民点用地整理去向为耕地和园地时景观效应较差,而依靠适宜性评价结果或整理成林地则取得较好景观效应。因而,在当前北京山区农村居民点整理过程中,应审慎看待整理为耕地或者园地的普遍做法,在科学评价的基础上因地制宜地确定山区农村居民点的整理方向,使其与其周围基质相谐调以更好地优化土地利用总体格局获取最大环境效益。     

行向对不同穗型水稻品种群体光环境的影响

调查行向对不同穗型水稻群体光分布的影响,结果表明：无论直立穗型还是弯曲穗型,均是南北行向较东西行向多受光;无论南北行向还是东西行向,直立穗型群体内各高度处光照强度大于弯曲穗型群体;直立穗型品种和弯曲穗型品种均适于南北行向种植。     

养蜂业与我国西部发展的相关研究

养蜂是一项高效益的农村副业,它不占耕地,不占农田,不与其他养殖业和种植业争资源,并且发展养蜂业投资少、收益大,是贫困地区群众脱贫致富的好出路.养蜂不仅可获得多种蜂产品（蜂蜜、蜂王浆、花粉、蜂胶、蜂蜡等）,带来可观的直接经济效益,而且可为农作物授粉,提高农作物产量和质量,还可改善生态环境,获得多种社会经济效益.我国养蜂资源（包括蜂种资源及蜜源植物）丰富,同时西部大发展的战略决策也给我国西部等省区的养蜂业带来了前所未有的机遇.着重分析了西部各省区发展养蜂业得天独厚的优越条件,以及当地养蜂业发展现状及存在的问题,简述了在西部大力发展养蜂业的发展方向和总体思路.     

辣椒疫病生物防治技术研究进展

由辣椒疫霉菌引起的辣椒疫病是造成辣椒减产的重要原因之一,通过总结拮抗菌、诱导抗性及植物源杀菌剂在防治辣椒疫病上的研究现状,对辣椒疫病生物防治研究进展进行了概述,提出了目前各研究领域中存在的主要问题,旨在为今后的研究指出目标和方向。     

中国食用菌出口发展方向及产业结构优化

面对食用菌产业快速发展中盲从性问题出现,使得食用菌产业缺乏系统的战略规划,出口能力较弱的问题,从价值链、组织链、物流链和信息链等4个视角为其提供产业结构优化对策,助力食用菌产业发展。     

Silvicultural treatments enhance growth rates of future crop trees in a tropical dry forest

Silvicultural treatments are often needed in selectively logged tropical forest to enhance the growth rates of many commercial tree species and, consequently, for recovering a larger proportion of the initial volume harvested over the next cutting cycle. The available data in the literature suggest, however, that the effect of silvicultural treatments on tree growth is smaller in dry forests than in humid forest tree species. In this study, we analyze the effect of logging and application of additional silvicultural treatments (liana cutting and girdling of competing trees) on the growth rates of future crop trees (FCTs; i.e., trees of current and potentially commercial timber species with adequate form and apparent growth potential). The study was carried out in a tropical dry forest in Bolivia where a set of 21.25-ha plots were monitored for 4 years post-logging. Plots received one of four treatments that varied in intensity of both logging and silvicultural treatments as follows: normal (reduced-impact) logging; normal logging and low-intensity silviculture; increased logging intensity and high-intensity silviculture; and, unlogged controls. The silvicultural treatments applied to FCTs involved liberation from lianas and overtopping trees. Results showed that rates of FCT stem diameter growth increased with light availability, logging intensity, and intensity of silvicultural treatments, and decrease with liana infestation degree. Growth rate increment was larger in the light and intensive silvicultural treatment (22–27%). Long-lived pioneer species showed the strongest response to intensive silviculture (50% increase) followed by total shade-tolerant species (24%) and partial shade-tolerant species (10%). While reduced-impact logging is often not sufficient to guarantee the sustainability of timber yields, application of silvicultural treatments that substantially enhanced the growth rates of FCTs will help move the management of these forests closer to the goal of sustained yield.     

种薯芽眼摆向不同对马铃薯性状的影响

以洛马铃薯8号为材料,设置种薯芽眼向上、向下、侧向3个摆向,研究其对早熟春播马铃薯性状的影响。试验结果表明,马铃薯薯块芽眼摆向不同对性状有较大影响,芽眼向下播种的马铃薯与常规播种(芽眼向上)相比,株高增高4.14 cm,芽眼根增多,匍匐根增加1.1条,地上茎增粗1.12 mm,地下茎增长3.68 cm,匍匐茎增加1.19条,块茎增加1.06个,产量增加272.48 kg/667 m2,而大中薯比例、商品率基本相同,绿薯率极低,品质改善。     

Assessing the potential impacts of alternative landscape designs on amphibian population dynamics

An individual-based, spatially explicit population model was used to predict the consequences of future land-use alternatives for populations of four amphibian species in two central Iowa (midwest USA) agricultural watersheds. The model included both breeding and upland habitat and incorporated effects of climatic variation and demographic stochasticity. Data requirements of the model include life history characteristics, dispersal behavior, habitat affinities, as well as land use and landcover in geographic information systems databases. Future scenarios were ranked according to change in breeder abundance, saturation, and distribution, compared to baseline conditions. Sensitivity of simulation results to changes in model parameters was also examined. Simulated results suggest that while all four species modeled are likely to persist under present and future scenario conditions, two may be more at risk from future landscape change. Although the study species are all widespread generalists regarded as having a low conservation priority, they depend on wetlands and ponds, increasingly endangered habitats in agricultural landscapes. Broader conservation strategies in the region would ensure that these currently common organisms do not become the endangered species of the future.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.