药理学实验教学改革探索与实践

药理学是中药学专业的基础课程,药物制剂专业的核心课程,药理学实验是药理学课程的重要组成部分。通过优化实验课设置,完善自编实验教材,改革教学方法,加强教学过程管理,改革考核方法,提高了药理学实验课程的教学质量。     

优质乳是奶业发展的方向

发展方向决定兴衰存亡。我国奶业经历了30年的快速发展,取得了巨大成就,但是也正在面临发展新方向的抉择。这个新方向就是发展优质乳,需要明确提出"一杯优质牛奶振兴一个民族"的理念。我国有关奶业科研团队,经过近20年的艰苦探索和协同创新,已经形成了适合国情的"优质乳生产的奶牛营养调控与规范化饲养技术"成果并示范应用,示范结果表明,在奶牛生产中使蛋白质饲料利用效率提高8%~15%,乳脂率和乳蛋白率分别达到3.5%和3.1%,牛奶体细胞数低于40万个,细菌总数低于10万CFU/mL,完全达到国际上优质乳的营养品质和卫生安全水平。如何从国家政策的战略设计上进一步明确优质乳的发展方向,积极组织推广优质乳科技成果,大力发展和弘扬优质、健康、向上的奶业文化,应该引起重视。     

内蒙古地区生鲜乳中体细胞数分析及其对产奶量、乳品质的影响

本试验旨在比较2017年内蒙古地区生鲜乳中的体细胞数与主要奶业国体细胞数标准,对比奶罐奶和散卖奶体细胞数,同时分析生鲜乳中的体细胞数与产奶量及乳成分间相关性,旨在为生鲜乳质量安全评定及控制提供参考依据。试验于2017年采集内蒙古地区9个盟市673批次生鲜乳样品,采用Foss Mickro-FT120乳成分分析仪测定生鲜乳中乳脂肪、乳蛋白、非脂乳固体、乳糖、总固体含量,同时采用丹麦Chemomete SCC-100体细胞仪进行体细胞计数。结果表明:1) 2017年内蒙古地区生鲜乳中的体细胞数为37. 7×10~4个/mL,低于欧盟(40. 0×10~4个/mL)、新西兰(40.0×10~4个/mL)、加拿大(50.0×10~4个/mL)和美国(75.0×10~4个/mL)的生鲜乳中体细胞限定值。2)家庭散养模式散卖奶中的体细胞数(55.8×10~4个/mL)显著高于规模化牧场奶罐奶中的体细胞数(37.7×10~4个/mL)(P<0.05)。3)生鲜乳中的体细胞数与产奶量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),相关系数为-0.190;与乳脂肪含量之间无显著相关性(P>0.05);与乳蛋白、乳糖、非脂乳固体及总固体含量之间存在极显著负相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为-0.149、-0.295、-0.283、-0.115。由此可见,内蒙古地区生鲜乳中的体细胞数管控较好,达到甚至超过了欧美主要奶业国标准。家庭式散养方式生产的生鲜乳质量安全水平低于规模化养殖方式。生鲜乳中体细胞数增高会导致产奶量下降及乳品质的改变。     

Long‐term ingestion of low amylose/amylopectin ratio diet affects aspects of meat quality by changing muscle fibre characteristics in growing‐finishing pigs

Amylose plays important role in body health. It is controversial whether changing dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR) will improve meat quality in growing‐finishing pigs. A total of 48 Duroc × Landrace × Large White castrated male pigs (initial body weight 49.8 ± 2.8 kg) were randomly allotted to two treatments, and fed ad libitum either with a low DAR diet (LR, amylose/amylopectin: 12/88) or a high DAR diet (HR, amylose/amylopectin: 30/70) for 68 days. Feed intake was recorded every day, body weight was weighed at 46th and 68th day to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and Feed:gain ratio. Blood was collected at ?30 min (fasting 12 hr), 60, 90, 120, 180 min postprandial at 64th day and then serum was obtained by centrifugation of blood at 1,500× g at 4°C. After pigs were slaughtered, samples such as longissimus dorsi, iliopsoas and semitendinosus were collected. Density, diameter and types of muscle fibres were analysed. Results showed that ADG, ADFI, Feed:Gain ratio, cross‐sectional area of longissimus dorsi muscle, backfat thickness, colour scores were not affected by DAR. Ingestion of LR diet increased the fasting glucose (p < 0.05) and insulin (p < 0.05) concentrations in serum. The drip loss and firmness were decreased significantly in LR vs. HR animals (p < 0.05). Densities of muscle fibre in longissimus dorsi, iliopsoas and semitendinosus were greater in LR pigs (p < 0.05). Moreover, ingestion of LR diet significantly increased myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIa mRNA level and decreased MyHC IIb gene expression in longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) (p < 0.05). Therefore, intake of diet low in amylose/amylopectin ratio induces a better meat quality (lower drip loss and lower firmness), which could attribute to smaller myofibres, a shift to slower and/or more oxidative fibres.     

饲料中添加白术多糖对林下养殖绿壳蛋鸡生产性能与蛋品质的影响

为研究饲料中添加白术多糖对林下养殖绿壳蛋鸡生产性能与蛋品质的影响,试验选用28周龄产蛋的东乡黑羽绿壳蛋鸡540只,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复60只,1组为对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验2、3组分别在基础日粮中添加2.5%、5.0%白术多糖,预饲期7 d,试验期28 d。在试验期间,测定林下养殖绿壳蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质。结果表明:(1)试验3组产蛋率和平均蛋重分别较对照组提高7.33%、6.26%(P <0.05);试验3组料蛋比较对照组降低12.64%(P <0.05);试验2、3组的商品合格率、日产蛋量、日均采食量均高于1组,差异不显著(P> 0.05)。(2)试验3组蛋质量、哈夫单位、蛋壳厚度分别较对照组提高5.63%、3.02%、6.12%(P <0.05);试验2、3组的蛋形指数、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄比例均高于1组,差异不显著(P> 0.05)。综上所述,在基础饲料中添加5.0%白术多糖可以提高林下养殖绿壳蛋鸡生产性能与蛋品质。     

宁夏市场兽药质量检测结果分析

为了解与分析宁夏2016～2019年兽药产品抽检中不合格产品概况,以利于有目的有重点地对兽药产品的质量进行有效监督,根据宁夏兽药饲料监察所2016～2019年抽检兽药产品的统计数据,对抽检项目、剂型、类别及来源等进行统计分析。结果表明,四年共抽检产品1265批次,其中合格1165批,不合格100批,合格率为92.09%。不合格项目主要为含量测定;不合格产品以中药类最多;不合格剂型,以散剂为主;不合格产品多来自经营环节。应加强兽药产品的监督与指导,保证广大养殖户用药安全有效以及保障畜产品质量安全。     

Risk factors associated with faecal shedding of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in eight known-infected Danish dairy herds

A risk-factor study was performed in eight dairy herds found to excrete verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157 in a former prevalence study. Associations between excretion of VTEC O157 and management factors such as housing and feeding were analysed in a generalised linear mixed model. The animals were stratified in three age groups and sampled four times during 1 year. The risk of excreting VTEC O157 was higher among weaned calves than non-weaned calves. Among the calves aged 1–4 months, the risk was reduced if the calf had suckled colostrum from the mother or if the calf had stayed >2 days with the mother after calving. Calves aged 5–24 months that had been moved within the last 2 weeks had a higher risk, but risk was reduced if fed barley silage. Cows fed grain or molasses had a higher risk of excreting VTEC O157.     

宁夏枸杞徒长枝青贮研究

枸杞(Lycium bararum)徒长枝是枸杞种植中的废弃物,但含有丰富的营养成分和药用成分,将其开发为青贮中药饲料添加剂是变废为宝的途径之一。本研究以糖蜜、麸皮、玉米(Zea mays)粉为糖源,以亚芯、君安酵宝、益加益、农富康为菌剂,通过比较不同糖源和菌剂青贮的枸杞徒长枝的感官评价得分、营养成分和药用成分等品质特性,探索适合枸杞徒长枝青贮的商品菌剂和糖源。结果表明:3种糖源青贮中酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维和氨态氮含量无显著差异(P> 0.05),而添加糖蜜的粗蛋白(1.18%)、粗灰分(12.77%)、干物质(30.5%)、乳酸(123.75μg·g^-1)、多糖(27.89 mg·g^-1)、甜菜碱(6.47 mg·g^-1)和黄酮(1.15 mg·g^-1)含量最高,显著高于其余两个处理(P <0.05);4种菌剂和自然青贮的干物质、氨态氮的含量之间无显著差异(P> 0.05),亚芯菌剂与自然青贮的粗蛋白和酸性洗涤纤维的含量之间无显著差异(P> 0.05);但粗蛋白(1.9...     

日粮添加蚂蚁粉对鸡蛋品质影响的研究

试验选用360只55周龄农大3号矮小蛋鸡,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复30只,三层阶梯式笼养.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别添加1%、2%、3%的蚂蚁粉.预饲期5 d,正饲期28 d,试验结束时进行蛋品质测定以及品尝试验,研究蚂蚁粉对蛋品质以及品尝者感官评价的影响.结果表明:蛋品质试验中,3%试验组比对照组蛋黄色泽高7.08%(P＜0.01),蛋白高度高15.09%(P＜0.05),添加蚂蚁粉对蛋重、蛋黄重以及蛋黄比没有明显影响(P＞0.05),而蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋壳重、料蛋比以及产蛋率也无明显变化.品尝试验中,品尝者对鸡蛋气味、蛋黄色泽和口感进行评价,认为4组间气味和口感无显著差异,虽然在蛋黄色泽上,1%试验组与对照组差异最大,但2%试验组的蛋黄色泽却更受品尝者欢迎.     

当代高等学校教学管理人员素质分析

在新的历史条件下，随着教学改革的深入进行，对教学管理人员素质提出了更高的要求。文章通过分析高校教学管理工作对管理人员在思想政治素质、职业道德素质、科学文化素质、身心素质等方面的要求，针对高校教学管理人员素质的现状和问题，提出提高高校教学管理人员素质的对策。