不同壳色菲律宾蛤仔品系间的双列杂交

于2006年秋,以"海洋红"(R)、白蛤(W)、斑马蛤(Z)为材料,开展了不同壳色菲律宾蛤仔品系间3×3的双列杂交.实验由3个自交组R×R、W×W、Z×Z和3个杂交组R×Z、W×Z、W×R,即6个正反交RZ、ZR、WZ、ZW、WR、RW组成,研究了子一代在不同阶段生长、变态、存活的杂种优势及壳色遗传机制.结果表明,在不同阶段,不同杂交组合的杂种优势表现程度不同.浮游期间,各杂交组幼虫生长优势(Hg)随着日龄而增大,存活优势(Hs)与日龄几乎无相关性,其值分别为Hg=6.20±2.43,Hs=14.83±0.28.W×Z杂交组合表现出明显的杂种优势,其值分别为Hg w×z=8.50±2.79,Hs w×z=20.59±0.98, 与R×Z、W×R杂交组差异显著(P ＜0.05).杂交有效地提高了变态率,缩短了变态时间;变态率的杂种优势为Hm=15.84,平均缩短变态时间2d.室内培育期间,刚刚完成变态的稚贝很快表现出生长优势,而后一段时间才表现出存活优势,其值分别为Hg=8.98±2.91,Hs=8.11±8.18;W×Z杂交组合的杂种优势为Hg w×z=15.93±6.47、Hs w×z=8.78±8.76,Hg w×z与R×Z、W×R杂交组差异显著(P ＜0.05),Hs w×z与W×R杂交组差异显著(P ＜0.05).养成期间,幼贝的杂种优势分别为Hg=12.77±1.20,Hs=49.85±1.93;W×Z杂交组合的杂种优势分别为Hg w×z=20.92±1.98,Hs w×z=61.60±1.38,与其它杂交组的显著性差异程度与稚贝期相同.从总体水平上分析,幼虫、稚贝、幼贝生长速度的杂种优势分别为15.06、17.40、15.77,彼此间无显著性差异(P ＞0.05);综合各阶段的杂种优势,3个杂交组的杂种优势大小顺次为:W×Z＞R×Z＞W×R.R×Z、W×Z、W×R的子一代的壳色分别表现为:红斑马、白斑马(左壳背部有一条深色条带)、中红(左壳背部有一条深色条带),且正反交的壳色表现一致,说明壳色表现形式与性别无关,为非伴性遗传.     

Comparison of flower color with anthocyanin composition patterns in evergreen azalea

In evergreen azaleas, major anthocyanins were detected from petals of wild species and cultivars by HPLC analysis. Depending on flower color, all samples were divided into three groups: red, purple or white, using the Japan color standard for horticultural plants. The chromatic components a* and b* values of red group samples showed a convergent distribution, whereas those of purple group samples showed a wider distribution. According to the HPLC analysis, red group samples had two to four major anthocyanins, and those of the purple group had two to six major ones. In contrast, no anthocyanins were detected in the white group petals, although anthocyanidins were detected. These results suggest that the anthocyanin constitution of the purple group flowers is more varied than that of the red group flowers, and this wider variety among purple flowers contributes to extending the diversity of flower color in evergreen azalea.     

基于计算机视觉技术的番茄叶片叶绿素含量的检测

 研究利用计算机视觉技术快速测定叶绿素含量的方法,建立了根据番茄叶片颜色特征确定其叶绿素含量的一元二次拟合模型。在计算机视觉图像采集系统中采集番茄叶片图像,利用MATLAB图像处理工具提取图像的颜色特征参数,对颜色特征参数和番茄功能叶叶绿素含量做相关分析,建立回归模型。结果表明：RGB颜色系统的R/G、(G-R)/(G+R)、G-R、色度坐标r、r-g及HIS颜色系统的H值均与叶绿素含量呈极显著非线性相关性,可用于测定番茄叶片叶绿素含量。从建立的6组模型中筛选出拟合度较高的3组模型进行检验,预测误差在0～22.22%之间。用预测精度最高的G-R颜色特征预测叶绿素含量的模型为Chl.a = 0.0926 + 0.1208 (G-R) - 0.0009 (G-R)²,Chl b = - 0.0252 + 0.0397 (G-R) - 0.0003 (G-R)²和Chl.(a+b) = 0.1271 + 0.1600 (G-R) - 0.0011 (G-R)²。     

Correlation between chromaticity values and major anthocyanins in seven Acer palmatum Thunb. cultivars

The correlation between the anthocyanin concentrations of seven Acer palmatum Thunb. cultivars and the chromaticity values a*, b*, a*/b* ratio, h° and L* was investigated. According to the position of leaves on the branch terminal, middle and base sample leaves were analyzed and the positional effect on the level of the major anthocyanin was estimated. Leaf color was measured with a portable colorimeter and individual anthocyanins were detected with the use of HPLC–MS. Cyanidin-3-glucoside was present in all senescing leaves of Acer cultivars and its content decreased from terminal to base position. Cyanidin-3-rutinoside was identified in lower concentrations in the leaves of all cultivars. Multiple variable analysis was calculated for each of the tristimulus values and two major anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside) in senescing leaves of ornamental Acer cultivars. Correlations were detected between the major anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside) in analyzed Acer cultivars and all chromaticity parameters. The highest correlation coefficient (0.94) was observed between cyanidin-3-glucoside and a*/b* ratio in cultivar ‘Bloodgood’ and lowest (0.54) between cyanidin-3-glucoside and a* in Acer palmatum Thunb. The correlation between cyanidin-3-rutinoside and chromaticity parameters was not detected in all Acer cultivars, additionally correlation coefficients and statistical significance were much lower. The expression of red color in both senescing leaves and in all-year-red cultivars can be tightly linked with the content level of cyanidin-3-glucoside; the second major anthocyanin does not contribute much to the red leaf color.     

不同西瓜类型果实茄红素含量的比较研究

采用分光光度法对33个西瓜材料进行茄红素含量的测定,材料涉及不同的瓤色和倍性。结果表明:在白瓤、橙黄瓤、金黄瓤、粉红瓤、红瓤和深红瓤的西瓜材料之间,白瓤西瓜茄红素含量最低,深红瓤西瓜含量最高,茄红素的含量与瓤色大致成正相关。其中深红瓤二倍体西瓜材料中S292、VS8-44的茄红素含量比较高,分别为6.372 mg/100g鲜重和6.350 mg/100g鲜重,三倍体材料中最高的是VS6-19,茄红素含量为6.684 mg/100g鲜重。同瓤色的不同材料之间茄红素的含量与倍性无关,与材料的基因型相关。     

光唇鱼网箱养殖试验

网箱单养、混养光唇鱼的试验结果表明,在25m2网箱中,单养光唇鱼以200～220尾/m2的放养密度比较合适,单位面积产量可达12.7～12.9 kg/m2;瓯江彩鲤网箱中混养光唇鱼,在瓯江彩鲤保持180尾/m2的放养密度不变的情况下,混养20尾/m2的光唇鱼,其效果比单养瓯江彩鲤更好,单位面积产量可达103.2kg/m2.     

名优绿茶加工过程中色泽的研究

本实验以一芽一叶的四川小叶种为原料，对现行的不同名优茶加工工艺的三个阶段中，温度对色泽的影响进行了检测，结合色泽变化的原理，阐明了色泽变化最有利的加工温度和方法。     

陕北黄芥黄色种皮的遗传研究

本研究采用黄芥（Brassica juncea L.）与两个不同来源的褐籽类型芥菜型油菜杂交，研究黄芥黄色种皮的遗传。结果表明：黄芥的粒色主要受母体基因型控制，褐色对黄色为显性；F2和BC1世代株间乃至株内颜色不尽一致，但黄色单株和褐色单株能够明显区分，褐色和黄色的比例分别符合3:1和1:1的分离比例，证明黄芥的粒色主要受一对主效基因控制，同时受修饰基因和环境的影响。黄籽和褐籽杂交F2代粒色与几个品质性状的相关分析，结果证明除含油量与粒色密切相关外，其脂肪酸组分的平均值与种皮颜色也有一定的相关性。     

玉米穗轴、叶鞘色泽与单倍体自交结实及出苗能力研究

以白轴绿叶鞘自交系B20为母本、以红轴紫叶鞘DH系D752为父本组配的F₁,进行单倍体诱导、自然加倍和DH系鉴定试验。通过卡方检测数据分析和DH群体遗传模型及混合分布方法分析,验证红轴、紫叶鞘单倍体自交结实优势。结果表明,红轴单倍体自交结实穗数量和出苗DH系数量极显著多于白轴,不符合1∶1比例;紫叶鞘DH系数量与绿叶鞘数量比符合1∶1比例,但紫叶鞘DH系占出苗总数比绿叶鞘高11.7%;红轴、白轴单倍体自交结实穗粒数最适模型均为4MG-AI,红轴4对主基因加、上效应估计值均高于白轴,白轴单倍体自交结实穗粒数遗传力比红轴高5.02%。玉米单倍体红轴和紫色叶鞘性状具有结实性优势。同时发现,玉米白轴单倍体个体穗结实力和绿色叶鞘单倍体出苗力显著高于紫色叶鞘单倍体。     

Improvement in recruitment of Japanese sardine with delays of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the Sea of Japan

To evaluate the impact of temporal variation of primary productivity on the recruitment of Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the Sea of Japan, the phenology of sea surface phytoplankton abundance was estimated from 8 day multiple satellite (SeaWiFS, MODIS‐Aqua, MERIS, and VIIRS) derived sea surface chlorophyll (SSChl) a concentrations from January 1998 to December 2015. Because relationships between SSChl a and in situ chlorophyll a concentrations were significantly different among periods based on the satellite combinations used, maximum and minimum SSChl a concentrations of 1 year were relativized as 1 and 0, respectively. Spatio‐temporal variation of relativized SSChl a concentrations was determined by using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Scores in the first EOF mode denoted the basin‐scale variations of SSChl a concentrations in the Sea of Japan, and the major peak from the end of February to the end of May displayed the spring bloom. The logarithm of recruitment per spawner (LNRPS) for sardine was positively affected by delays in the start and end dates of the spring phytoplankton bloom. The delay of the date of the lowest sea surface temperature contributed to the delay of the end of the spring bloom during the period 1998–2015 and elevated the LNRPS during the period 1982–2015. Sardine spawns in the southern Sea of Japan from April to May, hence, delays of the spring bloom prolonged its overlap with sardine larval periods, and thus improved the recruitment of Japanese sardine in the Sea of Japan.