小麦流式分选染色体的鉴定

构建染色体BAC文库对于简化拥有庞大基因组植物的测序、物理作图和基因克隆具有重要意义。分选染色体的鉴定是整个文库构建过程的关键环节之一。 本文在前人研究的基础上, 分别采用荧光原位杂交(FISH)、原位PCR(C-PRINS)和PCR方法, 对分选的6VS、3B和7BL染色体(臂)进行了鉴定。结果表明, 这3种方法都能对流式分选染色体进行有效鉴定, 其中PCR法速度最快、重复性好, 但结果不具可视性、也不能鉴定分选纯度; 而FISH法重复性好、结果具有可视性、能够鉴定分选纯度, 但操作程序复杂耗时, 受探针特异性的限制; C-PRINS法则综合了上述两种方法的优点, 是最具潜力的鉴定方法, 如果与液体原位杂交相结合, 有可能为解决染色体分选问题开辟新的途径, 但也存在重复性差、杂交信号不稳定的缺点。     

西藏开菲尔粒中酵母菌的分离与初步鉴定

西藏开菲尔粒(俗称藏灵菇)是由多种乳酸菌(间或少量醋酸菌)和酵母菌共生而成一种外形酷似菜花的白色或乳黄色团状聚合体,是目前已知的唯一可用于酸奶制作的天然野生菌种资源。采用扫描电镜、分离培养、26S rRNA基因测序与序列分析、荧光原位杂交(FISH)相结合的技术方法,对西藏开菲尔粒中的酵母菌进行了分离培养、鉴定和形态观察。结果显示:西藏开菲尔粒中酵母菌多为球形(2.0~5.0μm)或椭圆形(1.0~3.0×2.0~4.0μm);从西藏开菲尔粒中分离出的16株酵母菌分属于酿酒酵母属(Saccharomyces)、克鲁维酵母属(Kluyveromyces)、亚罗酵母属(Yarrowia)这3个属中的4个种,其中3株是酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),8株为马克斯克鲁维酵母菌(Kluyveromyces marxianus),3株为解脂亚罗酵母菌(Yarrowia lipolytica)。     

杂交三倍体泥鳅染色体C带及rDNA序列的FISH定位

对杂交三倍体泥鳅(4n♀×2n♂)的胚胎染色体进行了C带及染色体荧光原位杂交(FISH)分析,首次探讨了杂交三倍体泥鳅C带特征,为准确鉴别染色体提供依据,研究了核糖体5.8S+28S r DNA在杂交三倍体泥鳅胚胎中期染色体上的数目和位置。C带结果表明,杂交三倍体泥鳅的染色体C带包括臂端C带和着丝粒C带,没有发现臂间C带。M染色体只有1号染色体既有臂端C带又有着丝粒C带,但臂端C带均比着丝粒C带大,信号也比着丝粒的强;而其他M染色体及SM染色体、T染色体只有着丝粒C带。FISH分析显示,核糖体5.8S+28S r DNA清楚地定位在杂交三倍体泥鳅中期染色体中部着丝粒染色体(M)的端部区域,在杂交三倍体泥鳅中期染色体上可以检测到三簇杂交信号。该结果从分子细胞遗传学层面进一步证实了杂交三倍体泥鳅是含有三套染色体组的遗传三倍体。     

转外源基因(pGH)在猪染色体上整合状况

应用地高辛标记技术,对通过睾丸注射法制备的转基因猪进行荧光原位杂交,确定外源pGH(猪生长激素)基因在染色体上的整合位点及数目.选用睾丸注射法制备的140日龄转基因长白猪6头与同期同龄非转基因猪2头进行血细胞培养及荧光原位杂交.结果显示,外源基因已整合于染色体上,但在染色体上的整合位点具有随机性,而且不同的转基因猪阳性个体外源基因在染色体上的整合位点有差异,但集中分布于1、6、8、13号染色体上;非转基因猪染色体上无杂交信号;个体杂交信号数越多,其生长速度越快.     

Acute myeloblastic leukemia with associated BCR-ABL translocation in a dog

An 8-year-old male neutered Labrador Retriever was referred to the University of Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with a presumptive diagnosis of leukemia. Hematologic abnormalities included normal neutrophil count with a left shift, monocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, and circulating immature mononuclear cells. Bone marrow was effaced by immature hematopoietic cells of various morphologic appearances. In addition, large multinucleated cells were observed frequently. Flow cytometric analysis of nucleated cells in blood revealed 34% CD34(+) cells, consistent with acute leukemia. By immunocytochemical analysis of cells in blood and bone marrow, some mononuclear cells expressed CD18, myeloperoxidase, and CD11b, indicating myeloid origin; some, but not all, large multinucleated cells expressed CD117 and CD42b, the latter supporting megakaryocytic lineage. The diagnosis was acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation (AML-M1). To identify genetic aberrations associated with this malignancy, cells from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded bone marrow were analyzed cytogenetically by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Co-localization of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing BCR and ABL was evident in 32% of cells. This confirmed the presence of the canine BCR-ABL translocation or Raleigh chromosome. In people, the analogous translocation or Philadelphia chromosome is characteristic of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and is rarely reported in AML. BCR-ABL translocation also has been identified in dogs with CML; however, to our knowledge this is the first report of AML with a BCR-ABL translocation in a domestic animal.     

巴西橡胶树胶乳转化酶HbNIN基因家族物理定位的研究

胶乳转化酶(Invertase,Inv)是控制橡胶树胶乳蔗糖代谢和影响胶乳(橡胶)产量的关键酶。已有研究证实了胶乳转化酶属于中性/碱性转化酶。本研究以热研7-33-97(2n=36)为材料制备叶片细胞染色体标本,采用荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)对胶乳转化酶基因HbNIN1、HbNIN2和HbNIN3进行了染色体物理定位的初步研究。结合核型分析,初步确定HbNIN1基因位于5号染色体的长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的百分距离为33.1;HbNIN2基因位于2号染色体的长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的百分距离为35.7;HbNIN3基因位于3号染色体的短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的百分距离为40.42。由此揭示了该基因家族在染色体上的位置和分布特点。     

Utilization of flow cytometry for festulolium breeding (Lolium multiflorum (2x) × Festuca arundinacea (6x))

Festulolium is a hybrid between Festuca and Lolium species that has valuable agronomic traits from both grass species. The purpose of our breeding program is to produce hexaploid festulolium that introduces tolerance to summer depression into Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) by crossing it with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). However, we found the DNA ploidy of hexaploids was not stable and was reduced in successive generations. We aimed to find out how to obtain stable high-ploidy festulolium. F1 hybrids of L. multiflorum and F. arundinacea were produced. The F3 generation was produced from putative hexaploid F2 individuals by open pollination. The F4 to F6 generations were obtained by polycrossing. The DNA ploidy levels of F2 to F6 individuals were estimated by flow cytometry. Cytological characteristics of the F5 and F6 individuals were investigated by FISH and GISH. The DNA ploidy level of hexaploid festulolium was reduced and stabilized at almost the same level as a tetraploid. Seed fertility was inversely correlated with an increase in ploidy level. GISH revealed no preferential Lolium transmission. FISH with a telomere probe revealed that counting the exact number of chromosomes in festulolium was difficult. DNA ploidy level was strongly correlated with the number of chromosomes.     

污水处理反硝化除磷-诱导结晶磷回收工艺中除磷微生物特性

为探究反硝化除磷-诱导结晶磷回收工艺中缺氧池污泥释磷、吸磷以及微生物特征,利用荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术、电子扫描显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察了微生物的数量、分布和形态;通过批次试验考察了污泥在厌氧/好氧和厌氧/缺氧2种模式下的释磷和吸磷特征。结果表明:该双污泥系统缺氧池中聚磷菌占总细菌比例的69.7%,明显高于单污泥系统中富集的聚磷菌比例,污泥中的微生物多呈杆状;厌氧/好氧、厌氧/缺氧模式下单位污泥浓度(mixed liquor suspended solids,MLSS)总吸磷量(以PO43--P计)分别为22.84、18.60 mg/g,反硝化聚磷菌(denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms,DPAO)占聚磷菌(polyphosphate-accumulating organisms,PAO)的比例为81.44%,表明在长期的厌氧/缺氧运行条件下可以富集到以硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌,同时还存在着仅以氧气为电子受体的聚磷菌;通过pH值和氧化还原电位(oxidation reduction potential,ORP)的实时监测可以快速地了解污水生物处理系统中各类反应的进程,对调控工艺参数有着重要的意义。综上所述,为保证污水生物处理工艺的正常稳定运行,将微生物分析与常规的化学参数分析结合起来考察将是未来发展的必然趋势。     

几种鉴定小麦背景中1BL/1RS易位染色体的分子标记方法比较研究

对 5种鉴定小麦背景中 1BL/ 1RS易位染色体的生化和分子标记方法 ,包括酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (A PAGE)、荧光原位杂交 (FISH)、RFLP、RAPD和特异性PCR标记 ,进行比较研究。结果表明 ,RAPD标记难以鉴定1BL/ 1RS易位染色体 ,其余均能对 1BL/ 1RS易位染色体进行有效鉴定。FISH和RFLP方法比较费时费力且花费昂贵 ,而特异性PCR标记又在一定程度上受模板DNA浓度的影响。据此认为 ,APAGE方法是一种简单、快速、经济有效的方法 ,最易于在小麦育种选择中应用     

Quantitative impact of CO2 enriched atmosphere on abundances of methanotrophic bacteria in a meadow soil

In the Giessen free-air CO₂ enrichment (GiFACE) experiment, 5 years of CO₂ enrichment led to decreased CH₄ uptake rates of the investigated meadow soil. In soils, CH₄ is mainly oxidised by methanotrophic bacteria. In the present study, abundances of methanotrophic bacteria and total bacteria in soil samples from the GiFACE experiment were quantified by applying pmoA- and 16S rRNA gene-targeted real-time PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Methanotrophic bacteria of the Methylosinus group (Alphaproteobacteria) and the Methylobacter/Methylosarcina group (Gammaproteobacteria) were detectable by real-time PCR as well as by FISH. Both quantitative analytical approaches revealed that abundances of either bacteria or methanotrophic bacteria in soil samples from sites under CO₂-enriched atmosphere were decreased. Compared to ambient site, only 46 and 30.5% of methanotrophic bacteria and 38 and 63.2% of total bacterial cell numbers could be detected under CO₂-enriched atmosphere by FISH and real-time PCR, respectively. These results suggest that significantly decreased abundances of methanotrophic bacteria could explain reduced CH₄ uptake rates.