华南野猪的核型及其与家猪的进化关系

 本文报道了分布于云南西双版纳热带丛林的华南野猪(Sus scrofa chirodentus)的染色体组型、G-带、C-带和核仁形成区(NOR)。其结果显示,华南野猪的染色体数目2n=38。与过去报道的欧洲野猪和中亚及远东地区的亚洲野猪各亚种(2n=36)比较,少1对近中着丝粒染色体,而多2对端着丝粒染色体。染色体数目、形态和G-带带型均与过去报道的家猪相同;C-带1号、13—18号染色体着丝粒区结构异染色质显示深染,其余双臂染色体(2—12号和X)着丝粒区均浅染;核仁形成区(NOR)亦定位于8号和10号染色体的次缢痕处,惟8号染色体有的细胞仅出现一个具有活性的NOR。本研究结果表明,华南野猪与欧洲和中亚、远东地区野猪亚种的核型有着明显的差异,而与家猪完全一致。这揭示了华南野猪与家猪在起源和进化方面存在着极为密切的亲缘关系。根据核型进化理论,华南野猪很可能是现代家猪的原始祖先之一。     

The origin of the A genome donor of wheats (Triticum: Poaceae) – a perspective based on the sequence variation of the 5S DNA gene units

In a prior study on the haplomes of wheat using the 5S rRNA gene we assigned the long A1 and short A1 unit classes to the A haplome in the diploid T. monococcum. The short A1 unit class is absent in the tetraploids T. turgidum and T. timopheevii and in the hexaploid T. aestivum, although present in the hexaploid T. zhukovskyi. Both T. turgidum and T. aestivum contained a different 5S DNA unit class labeled the short A2.The purpose of this paper was to study the short A2 units in the two diploid species to shed light on the theory that the A haplome donor of T. turgidum and T. aestivum was T. urartu. Fifty eight clones were obtained from 12 accessions, sequenced and analyzed. As expected T. baeoticum, which is often classified as a subspecies of T. monococcum, contained the long A1 and the short A1 5S DNA units. Unexpectedly, T. urartu had the long A1 and the short G1 unit classes instead and other units not found so far in Triticum. These findings support the hypothesis that the donor of the A genome in T. zhukovskyi was T. monococcum, as identified by the short A1 units. However, the short A1 units are absent in T. timopheevii, also a carrier of the A genome. The short G1 units found in T. urartu also identify it as a possible donor of the G genome to T. timopheevii. The short G1 units were also found in T. aestivum in our prior study. The long G1 unit class was not found in T. urartu but reported from T. timopheevii and T. zhukovskyi. The implications of these and related findings on the evolution of wheats are discussed.     

Molecular phylogeny of Chinese vegetable mustard (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica juncea</Emphasis>) based on the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA

Sequence variation of nuclear internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS1, 5.8S rRNA and ITS2) from Chinese vegetable mustards (AB-genome) and its putative parents Brassica rapa (the A-genome) and Brassica nigra (the B-genome) were used to investigate the molecular phylogeny and the probable evolutional pattern of this amphidiploid species that uniquely formed in China. Totally, 16 accessions of Chinese vegetable mustard those covering nearly all the diverse variations were included in this study, and together with three accessions of B. rapa and one accession of B. nigra. The results disclosed two strongly supported clades, one containing four accessions of vegetable mustard which have closer relationship with B-genome species “B.nigra” lineage and the other containing 12 accessions of B. juncea and three A-genome accessions. This classification was in disagreement with the evidence from chloroplast DNA, mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), which suggested that B. juncea was closely related to the A-genome type. For the incongruence, we speculated that the B. juncea crops derived from Chinese have evolved through different recombined events of the diploid morphutypes and evolved unidirectional concerted evolution. The traditional phenotypic classification of B. juncea was not wholly supported by ITS results, and hence the phylogenetic relationships among these subspecies need to be reconsidered on molecular level.     

城市广场发展中的隐喻演变研究

通过对广场历史发展的研究,分析了4个广场的案例,得出了隐喻的5个不同时期的演变:民主政治的隐喻、帝王君权的隐喻、宗教神权的隐喻、人文精神的隐喻、历史文脉的隐喻.认为历史延续性和社会适应性是城市广场隐喻演变的两大特性.     

基于改进遗传算法的机器人路径规划与仿真

针对标准遗传算法解决机器人处于障碍环境下寻找最优路径局部寻优精度较差、规划效率低的问题,提出一种改进遗传算法的机器人路径规划方法。该算法采用一维编码表示路径, 构造了路径最优化的目标函数和适应度函数,利用多个种群拓宽搜索空间,提高了规划效率,采用保优选择策略,避免陷入局部最优。仿真结果表明,改进遗传算法比标准遗传算法路径规划质量高,能够获得平滑的低代价路径,稳定性好,是机器人路径规划的一种较好的方法,且具有一定的推广意义。     

冀鲁豫夏玉米区玉米杂交种群体生育型演变──Ⅱ．第Ⅳ演化阶段群体生育型特征及演进趋向

运用群体生育型特征与演化的观点，分析了冀、鲁、豫夏玉米区玉米杂交种群体生育型演化进程至端的第Ⅳ演化阶段群体生育型基本特征与演化特征及其演进趋向，结果表明，第Ⅳ演化阶段群体生育型基本特征表现为株型紧凑或半紧凑，穗位叶适中，雄穗分枝较少，抗倒性和抗斑性优良，籽粒长，出籽率高；其演化特征主要由穗粒结构与第一叶面积、生育日数决定，其穗长演化将趋于稳态，穗行数、穗粗、百粒重、行粒数与第一叶面积、株高将呈现较明显的持续演进态势，其中生育日数、行粒数和株高将分别向早熟、多粒和高棵方向回归。第Ⅳ演化阶段群体生育型演进临近转型期。     

杂草的形成

杂草的形成是自然选择和人工选择共同作用的结果,其形成机制与杂交,特别是渗入杂交(inerogressire hybridization)有着极为密切的关系。无融合生殖(apomixis)、染色体加倍或减少也都是杂草形成的重要方式。 本文还从自然和人工选择讨论了杂草不同生活习性的形成,并分析了一年生、二年生和多年生杂草对环境的适应和环境对杂草的选择;自花传粉对杂草后代生存和繁衍的重要性;杂草中种子大小的选择意义化及人工选择所产生的拟态种(mimicus)对环境适应的特点。 最后,还讨论了受人工干扰生境的变化和杂草在这变化环境中的变异情况。     

氨基酸生物配比的数量特征

本文通过对氨基酸生物配比的特征和理论方法的研究，以展示生物体蛋白质构成的分子群体遗传学规律，研究结果表明，不同生物蛋白质均由特定的氨基酸配比构成，在同一物种的不同一物种的不同组织中，这种配比表面出特异性。     

根据个体间蛋白质多位点基因型的比较分析中国黄牛的遗传关系

现行群体间遗传距离的度量方法都以等位基因频率的计算为依据，这些方法的缺点之一是在位点不多，多态笥不高时要求群体有较大的取样个体数目，另外，这些方法所建造的树素图不能反映群体是由混血引起还是由长期进化引起这一问题，针对这些问题，本文提出了以个体间蛋白质多位点基因型比较为基础的群体间遗传距离和群体内基因杂合度的度量方法，以十个主要中国黄牛群体的遗传关系分析为例，比较圆满的解决了上面几个问题。     

EVOLUTION TRENDS AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR ECOLOGIC ENVIRONMENT IN XINJIANG

<正> 1. Features of the ecologic environment1.1 Closeness and aridity of the interier continent Xinjing is located in the hinterland of Eurasia where ocean humid air current is diffi-cult to reach. As a result, the climate is very arid with 150mm of mean annual precipitation.