黄河源区气候温暖化及其对植被生产力影响评价

在分析黄河源区气温、降水变化的基础上，用Turc经验模式计算黄河源区的蒸散量，同时分析了近十几年来土壤湿度、植被地上净初级生产力的变化特征。结果表明，1959—2005年，黄河源区年平均气温按0．0284℃／a的变率升高，降水变化态势平稳，但蒸散量增加趋势明显，上升倾向率达0．7315mm／a，气温上升趋势与年代增加具有明显的相关性。从1987年以来土壤湿度的监测结果分析得知，黄河源区下垫面蒸散量的加大使土壤向干暖化发展。这种气候因素的影响，导致近十几年来植被地上净初级生产力按9．506g／（m^2a）的倾向率下降。     

Energy and water balance measurements for water productivity analysis in irrigated mango trees, Northeast Brazil

Crop water parameters, including actual evapotranspiration, transpiration, soil evaporation, crop coefficients, evaporative fractions, aerodynamic resistances, surface resistances and percolation fluxes were estimated in a commercial mango orchard during two growing seasons in Northeast Brazil. The actual evapotranspiration (E_a) was obtained by the eddy covariance (EC) technique, while for the reference evapotranspiration (E₀); the FAO Penman–Monteith equation was applied. The energy balance closure showed a gap of 12%. For water productivity analysis the E_a was then computed with the Bowen ratio determined from the eddy covariance fluxes. The mean accumulated E_a for the two seasons was 1419 mm year⁻¹, which corresponded to a daily average rate of 3.7 mm day⁻¹. The mean values of the crop coefficients based on evapotranspiration (K_c) and based on transpiration (K_cb) were 0.91 and 0.73, respectively. The single layer K_c was fitted with a degree days function. Twenty percent of evapotranspiration originated from direct soil evaporation. The evaporative fraction was 0.83 on average. The average relative water supply was 1.1, revealing that, in general, irrigation water supply was in good harmony with the crop water requirements. The resulting evapotranspiration deficit was 73–95 mm per season only. The mean aerodynamic resistance (r_a) was 37 s m⁻¹ and the bulk surface resistance (r_s) was 135 s m⁻¹. The mean unit yield was 45 tonne ha⁻¹ being equivalent to a crop water productivity of 3.2 kg m⁻³ when based on E_a with an economic counterpart of US$ 3.27 m⁻³. The drawback of this highly productive use of water resources is an unavoidable percolation flux of approximately 300 mm per growing season that is detrimental to the downstream environment and water users.     

区域蒸散量估算技术研究进展

从模型角度阐述了计算区域蒸散量的机理,对用遥感估算法、互补关系法和水量平衡法进行估算区域蒸散量的方法分别进行了分析,并针对不同区域蒸散量计算方法做出了综合系统的评价.     

基于称重式蒸渗仪的淮北平原冬小麦蒸散估算模型的本地化

为了解不同作物蒸散量估算方法在淮北地区的适用性,利用新马桥实验站称重式蒸渗仪测定了2016-2017年冬小麦全生育期的实际蒸散值,结合Hargreaves-Samani(H-S)、 FAO-56 PM、Turc、Makkind(Mak)、 Priestley-Taylor(P-T)、Mcloud(Mcl)和DeBruin-Keijman(D-K)7个模型,分析了冬小麦田的蒸散特征,将蒸散的估算值(ET_0)和实测值(ET_C)进行了对比。结果表明,相对于ET_C值,7个模型拟合得到的ET_0的RMSE值为0.99～2.29 mm·d~(-1),且H-S FAO-56 PMTurcMakP-TMclD-K; ET_C与ET_0的相关系数为0.74～0.97,其中FAO-56 PM的相关性最高,P-T、 Mak、 D-K、 H-S也表现出较好的相关性。综合来看,H-S法总体表现较好,更适合该地区。对6种主要气象要素与实测蒸散值进行主成分分析发现,温度是影响ET_C的主要因子,湿度、日照时数和平均风速(2 m)对淮北冬小麦田蒸散值的影响不大;H-S模型以温度数据为基础,利用线性订正法和湿度指数项订正法将H-S模型本地化后检验发现,其优化结果良好,RMSE降低(0.68 mm·d~(-1))。     

模拟降水量对毛乌素沙柳幼苗蒸发蒸腾的潜在影响

选择毛乌素沙地优势灌木沙柳为对象,研究157.5、315、472.5和630 mm 4种人控年降水量,对沙柳幼苗蒸发蒸腾作用的影响.结果表明,沙柳蒸发蒸腾量随着降水量的增加而逐渐增大,从157.5 mm增至630 mm,日蒸散量分别为1.63、3.11、4.37和5.66 mm,其中沙地蒸发量占主要部分.少量降水时,幼苗蒸腾速率明显呈现"午睡”现象,而充足降水则能消除"午睡”现象.相关分析结果表明,环境因子,如沙地含水率、太阳有效辐射、大气温度和饱和水汽压差,以及植物因素,如叶面积指数、叶片温度和气孔导度等,均能显著影响沙柳的蒸腾作用.     

速效肥和缓释肥对草坪蒸散量的影响

2002年5～11月在田间条件下就速效肥和缓释肥对草坪蒸散量的影响进行了研究.结果表明 施肥后草坪的蒸散量增大,其中,速效肥处理超过对照96.1mm,多耗水17.1%;速效肥+缓释肥和缓释肥处理分别增加了60.7mm和52.0mm,多耗水10.8%和9.2%;速效肥处理草坪蒸散量明显高于速效肥+缓释肥和缓释肥处理(P<0.05).施肥提高蒸散量的原因是增大了草坪草的生长速度及分蘖密度.缓释肥处理生长速度的增加幅度较小,株丛密度较高,且各月份比较稳定,速效肥处理则波动很大;此外,施用缓释肥更有利于地下生物量的积累.综合比较,在草坪管理中应减少速效肥的使用量,适当增加缓释肥的应用比例.     

Water Requirements for Castor Oil Crop (Ricinus communis L.) in a Mediterranean Climate

A field study was conducted to assess the effect of irrigation on castor ( Ricinus communis L.) and to define the water requirements of the crop. Three irrigation regimes, corresponding to 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 fractions (kd) of the evapotranspiration (ETm) in the area were compared, factorially combined with the varieties Pronto and Negus in 1995. In 1996 and 1997 one more irrigation treatment corresponding to 0.75 of the ETm was included, and Negus was replaced by HD912. Irrigation was found necessary for castor production since seed and oil yields obtained with irrigation were much higher compared to yields of rainfed plants, and also castor could not be competitive to winter cereals in rainfed areas. In 1995 seed yield increased to kd = 1.0, but the response of both varieties was curvilinear. In 1996 kd = 0.50 was enough for the maximum yield by both varieties, while in 1997 higher amounts of water were needed (kd = 1.00 and 0.75 for Pronto and HD912, respectively). The beneficial effect of irrigation was mainly due to the increased number of secondary racemes. Oil yield was mainly determined by seed yield. Thus, the aim of the growers should be to increase the seed yield. The suggested amount of water for the irrigation of castor in the Northern Greece is equal to 75 % of the evapotranspiration of the plant in the area. With this amount the yield is satisfactory and the management of water resources is doing in a rational way.     

APPROACHES DETERMINING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF A NATURAL SECONDARY WHITE BIRCH FOREST

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Water balance and maize yield following improved sesbania fallow in eastern Zambia

Sesbania [Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.] fallows are being promoted as a means for replenishing soil fertility in N-depleted soils of small-scale, resource-poor farmers in southern Africa. Knowledge of soil water distribution in the soil profile and water balance under proposed systems is important for knowing the long-term implications of the systems at plot, field and watershed levels. Soil water balance was quantified for maize (Zea mays L.) following 2-year sesbania fallow and in continuous maize with and without fertilizer during 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 at Chipata in eastern Zambia. Sesbania fallow increased grain yield and dry matter production of subsequent maize per unit amount of water used. Average maize grain yields following sesbania fallow, and in continuous maize with and without fertilizer were 3, 6 and 1 Mg ha⁻¹ with corresponding water use efficiencies of 4.3, 8.8 and 1.7 kg mm⁻¹ ha⁻¹, respectively. Sesbania fallow increased the soil-water storage in the soil profile and drainage below the maximum crop root zone compared with the conventionally tilled non-fertilized maize. However, sesbania fallow did not significantly affect the seasonal crop water use, mainly because rainfall during both the years of the study was above the normal seasonal water requirements of maize (400 to 600 mm). Besides improving grain yields of maize in rotation, sesbania fallows have the potential to recharge the subsoil water through increased subsurface drainage and increase nitrate leaching below the crop root zone in excess rainfall seasons. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of reforestation on annual water yield in a large watershed in northeast China

A simplified water balance model in conjunc-tion with an evapotranspiration (ET) model and cumulative forest cover data were used to quantify the changes in annual water yield in response to reforestat...