Promotion of in situ enzymatic degradation on natural plant fiber by ionic liquid北大核心CSCD

An ionic liquid, i.e., 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([EMIM]OAc), was used to treat two natural plant fiber (Salix psammophila and cotton). The effects of this pretreatment on the enzymatic degradation of these two materials were investigated in present study. The optimum condition for degradation was obtained as 3.64 mL pH 5 citric acid-sodium citrate buffer solution was added to 5g 4% natural plant fiber[EMIM]OAc solution. A reaction system with 55 g/L fiber substrate was obtained. The optimal ratio of enzyme to substrate was 0.5 ∶1(mL ∶g), and the optimal reaction temperature and reaction time were 55℃ and 25 h, respectively. Under the optimal condition, the enzymatic degradation of the two natural plant fiber was beyond 90%. The FT-IR showed that the hydrogen bondings of fiber were broken by [EMIM]OAc in the process of dissolution. It resulted in a fiber material with more amorphous pattern. These changes would increase the accessibility between fiber and cellulase. This led to more enzymatic degradation of cellulose.     

Stability of B-complex vitamins and dietary fiber during rye sourdough bread production

The stability of vitamers: thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine and pyridoxal, as well as soluble and insoluble dietary fiber was studied in a rye sourdough bread process. The vitamer concentrations were measured in raw materials (rye flours, white and red rye malt, yeast) and the rye sourdough breads made from them by means of LC–MS and stable isotope dilution assay. The content of dietary fiber was determined using a standard enzymatic-gravimetric method. During baking, the concentration of vitamins decreased by 20–45% in the case of thiamine, 25–50% in the case of nicotinic acid, 45–65% in the case of pyridoxal in both breads, 50% in the case of riboflavin and 15% in the case of pyridoxine only in fine rye bread. In contrast, the content of nicotinamide increased during processing by ten fold, presumably due to microbial activity during sourdough fermentation. The ratio of soluble to insoluble dietary fiber increased during rye sourdough processing.     

Processing of Lespedeza stalks by pretreatment with low severity steam and post-treatment with alkaline peroxide

The steam pre-treatment with low severity preserves valuable biomass components, and further delignification with alkaline peroxide could improve hydrolysis. A combination of low severity steam pretreatment and alkaline peroxide post-treatment of Lespedeza stalks was investigated. The post-treatment of steam-pretreated Lespedeza stalks with alkaline peroxide significantly increased the cellulose content and changed the structure of the cellulose-rich fractions. A glucose yield of 503.5 mg g⁻¹ raw material from enzyme hydrolysis was obtained when the steam-pretreated material (184 °C for 4 min) was post-treated with 2% hydrogen peroxide at 60 °C for 24 h with a substrate concentration of 3.3%. Its hydrolysis yield is 88.8%, which is higher than that of samples processed by steam pretreatment alone (63.7%). The samples obtained by post-treatment with alkaline peroxide were found to have a smoother surface and looser structure in scanning electron microscopy images. The isolated lignin preparations had a yield range from 10.9 to 14.7 (% dry matter). The lignin was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. Alkaline peroxide treatment increased the thermal stability of lignin, and decreased the amounts of all functional groups. Depolymerization and repolymerization occurred during the alkaline peroxide treatment.     

复合酶提取灵芝多糖工艺及其抗氧化能力研究

[目的]获得复合酶提取灵芝多糖的最佳工艺,探讨灵芝多糖的体外抗氧化能力。[方法]以多糖提取率为指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验对复合酶用量配比、酶解条件进行优化;采用清除1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼（DPPH）自由基模型评价灵芝多糖的体外抗氧化能力。[结果]复合酶提取优于单酶提取,酶用量最佳配比为纤维素酶1.5%、木瓜蛋白酶0.8%、菠萝蛋白酶3.5%（质量分数,相对于底物浓度）;最佳酶解条件为pH5.5,温度50℃、酶解时间为100 min。复合酶提取的灵芝多糖具有良好的清除DPPH自由基作用,其清除能力优于水提灵芝多糖（P〈0.01）,且在浓度0.8～4.8 mg/ml范围内,其对DPPH自由基的清除率随浓度增大而增大。[结论]该研究为灵芝多糖的开发提供了科学依据。     

荔枝果肉多酚氧化酶酶学性质研究

[目的]为研究荔枝果肉多酚氧化酶（PPO）的作用机制,控制荔枝果肉在贮藏和加工过程中的酶促褐变提供理论依据。[方法]从荔枝果肉中提取多酚氧化酶,并对其酶学性质进行研究。[结果]荔枝果肉PPO的最适反应温度为55℃,对热稳定性较强,90℃水浴保温30 min后剩余相对酶活为22.6%;pH值为7.0时该酶的活力最强,在pH值6.5~8.0范围内酶活力较稳定;邻苯二酚与该酶的结合能力最强,其次为4-甲基儿茶酚;谷胱甘肽为该酶的最好抑制剂,其次为半胱氨酸、抗坏血酸、NaF和亚硫酸钠;SnCl2和FeSO4对该酶活性有抑制作用,而CuSO4、MgC l2和CaCl2对其活性有促进作用。[结论]该研究确定了荔枝果肉多酚氧化酶的最适作用条件。     

酶催化光度法测定动物性食品中盐酸氯丙嗪残留

[目的]建立了酶催化动力学光度法测定盐酸氯丙嗪的新方法。[方法]在pH 9.8的NH3-NH4Cl缓冲溶液中,利用盐酸氯丙嗪对牛血红蛋白（Hemoglobin,Hb）模拟酶催化体系的抑制作用,研究了该抑制反应的最佳试验条件及动力学行为。[结果]测定的线性范围为0.25～25.00μg/ml,方法检出限为0.026μg/ml。对浓度为2.5μg/ml的盐酸氯丙嗪进行11次平行测定,其相对标准偏差为4.5%。[结论]该方法简单、快速、灵敏,可用于动物性食品中盐酸氯丙嗪残留的检测。     

外源抗氧化剂对高温胁迫下苹果果皮组织酶活性的影响

以红富士苹果为试材,通过施用维生素C(Vc)、苯甲酸钠(SBN)、半胱氨酸(Cys)、维生素E(VE)以及Vc复配剂(Vc 柠檬酸或Vc 6-BA),研究不同种类外源抗氧化剂对高温胁迫下果皮组织5‘-核苷酸酶、脂氧合酶以及抗坏血酸．过氧化物酶活性的影响。结果表明：随着环境胁迫温度的升高,果皮组织中脂氧合酶活性增大,而5’-核苷酸酶和抗坏血酸-过氧化物酶的活性降低,说明在高温胁迫下,果皮组织氧化胁迫作用显著增强。施用外源抗氧化剂后,能够不同程度地提高果实抗氧化能力。在高温胁迫下,果实脂氧合酶活性与对照相比呈下降趋势,而5‘-核苷酸酶活性呈上升趋势,施用Vc和2种复配Vc酶活性极显著提高;同样,抗坏血酸-过氧化酶活性也呈上升趋势。比较几种抗氧化剂对提高果实抗氧化能力的效果,以施用维生素C(尤其是配合施用6-BA或柠檬酸)最为明显。     

The effect of tillage systems on some microbial characteristics

Soils were sampled from plots with four variants of tillage methods: (1) conventional tillage (CT); (2) no tillage (NT); (3) minimum tillage (MTS); and (4) no tillage + mulch (NTM). Our aim was to study the influence of tillage on selected soil microbial properties. Determination of urease, dehydrogenase, invertase, arylsulphatase, potential nitrogenase activity, CFU of Azotobacter spp., and carbon microbial biomass has been conducted for time period 2002–2007. Soil samples from 0–0.1 m, 0.1–0.3 m, and 0.3–0.5 m were collected in the spring and autumn. Enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, urease, arylsulphatase, and invertase) were significantly affected by soil depth and the tillage system employed. The statistically significant higher activity of urease was measured using the minimum tillage system (MTS), compared to the conventional tillage (CT) at soil depths of 0–0.1 m. The highest dehydrogenase activity was measured during the protective tillage treatment (NTM – no tillage with mulch). As far as other enzymatic activities (invertase and arylsulphatase) are concerned, the highest values were recorded in the protective tillage treatments. The highest counts of Azotobacter spp., as well as the highest nitrogenase activity (both statistically significant) were found in the no tillage + mulch (NTM) variant, at depths of 0.1–0.3 m. Microbial biomass (C-biomass) was the highest with the minimum tillage (MTS). The results show a positive influence of protection soil tillage on the reviving of upper layer of topsoil, especially in the variants where soil was supplied with organic matter.     

Response of soil enzymes to Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) addition in soil microcosms

Soil enzymatic activities (phosphatases, arylsulphatase and dehydrogenase) were measured in microcosm systems designed for the study of the impact of a commercial mixture of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS) homologues on a xerofluvent agricultural soil. The soil microcosms consisted of glass columns filled with 800 g of dry soil which were fed with sterile commercial LAS solutions at concentrations of 10 or 50 mg l⁻¹ for periods of time up to 21 days. A soil microcosm fed with sterile distilled water was included in this study and considered as control. Our results showed that the continuous application of the anionic surfactant to soil increased the values of the enzymes acid and alkaline phosphatases and arylsulphatase. On the contrary, the dehydrogenase activity was decreased by the continuous application of 10 or 50 mg l⁻¹ LAS when compared with control microcosms. In addition, a statistically negative correlation was found between this enzymatic activity in the upper portion of the soil columns amended with LAS and the viable counts of heterotrophic aerobic microorganisms. Moreover, in order to test the influence of LAS on nutrient availability and, consequently, on bacteria populations and soil biological activities, phosphate concentration was regularly determined in the microcosm leachates. The phosphate concentration tested in the leachate of the microcosm continuously amended with 50 mg l⁻¹ LAS solution was significantly lower than the concentrations detected in the leachate of the microcosms continuously amended with 10 mg l⁻¹ LAS throughout the experiment.     

产纤维素酶菌种的分离筛选和酶学性质的研究

[目的]寻找产纤维素酶的高产菌。[方法]通过固体培养初筛和摇瓶发酵复筛获得产纤维素酶的菌株,通过考察培养基、生长温度、pH值、产酶时间等主要的影响因子及酶学特性对产纤维素酶酶活较高的菌株进行了初步的研究。[结果]筛选得到了产纤维素酶活较高、稳定性较好的菌株B5。通过对B5菌的研究,发现其最适生长培养基为查氏培养基,最适生长温度为35℃,最适生长pH值为7．5,产酶的最佳时间为72h;通过对其酶学特性的研究,发现该酶反应的最适温度为50℃,酶反应的最适pH值为7．5,酶在pH值为7．0～8．0范围内稳定性较高。[结论]初步确定了B5菌的生长特性和酶学特性,为下一步的研究提供了科学的依据。