叶面肥对小贯小绿叶蝉Empoasca(Matsumurasca)onukii种群数量的影响

筛选可减轻小贯小绿叶蝉为害的叶面肥,旨在为茶树主要害虫的无公害治理提供依据。采用扫网法在小贯小绿叶蝉发生高峰期调查田间喷施3种不同体积分数叶面肥前、后小贯小绿叶蝉成虫和若虫的数量。结果表明,喷施叶绿素20.0%、10.0%、4.1%后第3天小贯小绿叶蝉成虫数量显著低于对照,第7天时极显著低于对照。喷施茶丰素8.3%、4.2%后第7天成虫数量极显著低于对照。喷施天达2116 10.0%、4.1%及茶丰素33.3%后7d内成虫数量与对照差异不显著。喷施叶绿素20.0%、10.0%、4.1%后7d内小贯小绿叶蝉若虫数量与对照差异不显著,但从第3天开始极显著低于茶丰素33.3%;喷施天达2116 10.0%、4.1%及茶丰素8.3%、4.2%后7d内若虫数量与对照差异不显著。进一步分析发现叶绿素20.0%、10.0%、4.1%对小贯小绿叶蝉种群数量的影响差异不显著,但显著低于清水处理。综合考虑成本及经济效益,建议在陕西茶区使用叶面肥时优先选用4.1%叶绿素,在提高茶叶产量和品质的同时达到减轻小贯小绿叶蝉危害的目的。     

Alternative methods of interpreting measurements of resistance to the leafhopper Empoasca kraemeri Ross and Moore in the common bean,Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Summary Appropriate definitions of, and methods of measuring, resistance are sought using Phaseolus vulgaris, a major source of protein in Latin America, and its most important pest, Empoasca kraemeri. The concepts of general vigour and narrow-sense resistance are defined: these two components make up broad-sense resistance. The validity of these definitions, which depend on the inclusion of tolerance as a resistance mechanism, is discussed. In order to distinguish the components, 38 genotypes of P. vulgaris were grown with and without insecticidal proctection, in three replications in a split-plot design, with three planting dates. Seed yield per plant, and a visual score of damage symptoms or vigour, were measured. Three methods of estimating narrow sense resistance are considered: 1) the genotype × insecticide interaction effect in a split-plots analysis, 2) the yield of each genotype unprotected (Y_u) divided by its yield protected (Y_p). and 3) the deviation of each genotype from a regression of Y_u on Y_p. The third method overcomes some objections to the first two, and can be applied to damage and vigour scores as well as to yields. The 38 genotypes differed in narrow-sense resistance according to all three methods, and it appears that in practice Methods 2 and 3 were both valid. They also differed in general vigour. Breeders working with many pests and crops have found that low damage and high yield in the presence of the pest are effective selection criteria. The work reported here supports this view.     

The inheritance of resistance to Empoasca kraemeri Ross & Moore in the common bean,Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Summary Genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris differ in their level of resistance to Empoasca kraemeri, but the speed with which these differences can be accumulated into a resistant variety will depend on whether they can be detected in single F₂ plants, and on whether the genetic control of resistance is additive. Thirty-eight homozygous genotypes were therefore grown in small plots with and without insecticidal protection, and also in simulated F₂ populations containing one plant of each genotype. In addition, the F₂ and F₃ generations of crosses were studied. Both generations of a 13 parent diallel were grown with and without insecticidal protection. Six crosses, involving some of the parents in the diallel and two additional genotypes, were studied in more detail. Protected and unprotected F₂ plants from these crosses were harvested individually, and the resulting F₃ families were grown with and without protection. In all the expriments, the level of damage to the unprotected plants and the vigour of the protected plants was assessed visually by means of a numerical score, and the seed yield was measured.The performance of a single homozygous plant was a reasonable predictor of the performance of the same genotype in a small plot, but in the six crosses studies in detail, the correlations between F₂ and F₃ performance were low. In the analysis of the diallel cross, the significant differences among crosses were due to specific combining ability and not general combining ability. These results indicate that the genetic control of resistance is largely non-additive, and that F₂ selection will probably be ineffective. However, F₃ selection should be effective, and transgressive segregants for resistance should be obtainable.In some of the six crosses, the F₃ families differed both in general vigour and in narrow-sense resistance to E. kraemeri, as defined by Galwey & Evans (1982). The visual assessment of damage symptoms in each plot was related to the subsequent seed yield of the plot, but was more heritable than yield. The relationship between these two variables was investigated by the genetic correlation coefficient and by an alternative method, and was found to be partly genetically determined, but partly due to the influence of environmental factors on both variables. This indicates that screening for E. kraemeri resistance should be done by means of a visual damage score in a carefully chosen, uniform environment.     

茶园三种间作模式对小贯小绿叶蝉及其天敌功能团群落的影响

为探讨茶园间作对茶园小贯小绿叶蝉(Empoasca onukii Matsuda)的生态调控作用,本研究开展樱花(Cerasus sp.)、圆叶决明(Chamaecrista rotundifolia)、油菜(Brassica napus L.)间作茶园中小贯小绿叶蝉种群时序动态,及其天敌功能团组成结构、种群数量时序变...     

玉米马铃薯间作对小绿叶蝉种群时空动态格局的影响

桃小绿叶蝉Empoasca flaoescens（Fab.）隶属同翅目叶蝉科,是马铃薯植株上的重要害虫之一,为明确玉米//马铃薯种植对马铃薯小绿叶蝉时空格局的影响,于2012-2013年设置田间小区试验,采用五点取样进行田间扫网调查,运用方差分析和聚集度指数综合对比分析。结果表明：本研究调查期内,小绿叶蝉种群数量呈双峰型变化,间作田马铃薯上小绿叶蝉种群密度和种群数量变动幅度均显著低于马铃薯单作田;单作和间作田内马铃薯小绿叶蝉以聚集分布为主,但单作田聚集强度高于间作田;小绿叶蝉种群空间分布为依赖于密度的聚集分布,且不同种群密度下小绿叶蝉的聚集原因有所差异。由此,玉米//马铃薯种植可降低小绿叶蝉田间种群密度,从而改变害虫种群聚集强度和空间分布格局。     

假眼小绿叶蝉对茶树挥发物的定向行为反应

对假眼小绿叶蝉的嗅觉定向行为研究表明，试虫首先表现为对光的视觉趋向性，当接近植物一定距离后，才表现对挥发物气味的反应。茶梢挥发物与芳樟醇对假眼小绿叶蝉的引诱作用最强，而茶树－假眼小绿叶蝉取食复合本产生的化合物2，6－二甲基－3，7－辛二烯－2，－二醇对假眼小绿叶蝉具有轻微的驱避作用。     

小贯小绿叶蝉取食诱导抗、感茶树品种挥发物的释放

为研究不同抗性水平茶树应对小贯小绿叶蝉取食诱导的挥发物释放及相关代谢机制,以抗虫茶树品种举岩（JY）和感虫茶树品种恩标（EB）为试验材料,利用动态顶空收集法结合GC-MS技术检测茶树在小贯小绿叶蝉取食不同时间（6、12、24、36、48、72βh）释放的主要挥发物组分,并结合转录组数据分析主要挥发物合成途径上的相关基因的表达水平及其调控趋势。结果表明,在健康状态下,茶树释放的挥发性物质较少;在虫害后不同时间段的茶样中检测到顺-β-罗勒烯（β-Ocimene）、(E)-4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯[(E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene,DMNT]、芳樟醇（Linalool）、法尼烯（Farnesene）等10种主要挥发物。其中,单萜类物质在虫害诱导的感虫品种茶树上含量高,倍半萜类物质在虫害诱导的抗虫品种茶树中含量高。转录组数据显示,小贯小绿叶蝉取食诱导抗、感茶树品种中调控萜类合成的关键基因均被明显激活。调控单萜类物质合成的相关基因在感虫茶树品种中的表达量相对较高,而调控倍半萜类物质合成的相关基因在抗虫品种中的表达量与感虫品种差异不显著。本研究结果为茶树抗虫机制和小贯小绿叶蝉绿色防控提供一定的理论依据。     

不同茶树品种对假眼小绿叶蝉的抗性

【目的】比较竹山一号、恩标、龙井43等9个茶树品种对假眼小绿叶蝉（Empoasca vitis Göthe）的抗性水平,为茶树品种抗虫性机理研究奠定基础。【方法】调查叶蝉在不同品种上的田间数量动态、生命周期、每雌产若量和若虫成活率,并用刺探电位图谱（electrical penetration graph,EPG）技术记录叶蝉的取食行为。【结果】①叶蝉在恩标、竹山一号、斑竹园和蓝天上的田间虫口密度普遍大于德清、建德、长兴紫笋和举岩;②德清、举岩、长兴紫笋、建德和龙井43上叶蝉的生命周期显著长于恩标、斑竹园和竹山一号;③恩标和斑竹园上小绿叶蝉每雌产若量明显多于举岩、长兴紫笋、建德和龙井43;④恩标和竹山一号上若虫成活率最高,分别为55.00%和50.00%;举岩上若虫成活率最低,仅为32.00%;⑤竹山一号和恩标上叶蝉取食时间显著长于德清、举岩、长兴紫笋、建德和龙井43,与蓝天和斑竹园没有显著差异;⑥使用聚类分析评价9个茶树品种抗叶蝉能力,将其分为两大类。第Ⅰ类：举岩、德清、龙井43、建德和长兴紫笋,对假眼小绿叶蝉抗性较强;第Ⅱ类：蓝天、斑竹园、竹山一号和恩标,对假眼小绿叶蝉抗性较弱。不同品种对叶蝉的抗性从强至弱的顺序为：举岩＞德清、龙井43、建德和长兴紫笋＞蓝天、斑竹园和竹山一号＞恩标。【结论】田间虫口密度、生命周期、每雌产若量、若虫成活率和取食时间能够体现假眼小绿叶蝉在茶树品种上的自然选择、适应度和取食偏好,在分类茶树品种抗叶蝉水平上存在明显差异。     

茶尺蠖和假眼小绿叶蝉防治技术研究

为探索并推广新型替代农药和防治措施,对2种害虫的田间危害情况进行连续多年的调查,基本探明了2种害虫在江西南昌的消长规律,在此基础上对几种新型化学、生物和植物源农药防治茶尺蠖和假眼小绿叶蝉的田间效果进行试验,探明了植物源农药茶蝉净和苦参碱、生物农药苏云金杆菌防治小绿叶蝉与茶尺蠖的效果,优选了防治茶尺蠖和小绿叶蝉的新型化学农药凯恩,防治小绿叶蝉的新型化学农药帕力特,总结了无公害茶园、绿色和有机茶园控制2种害虫危害的技术要点。研究结果显示：安装黄板茶园较不安装茶园平均虫口密度低39.8%;防治小绿叶蝉施药后3~14天防效,15%凯恩75.6%~95.9%,帕力特72.9%~93.2%,茶蝉净66%~72.5%,防效优于吡虫啉。防治茶尺蠖施药后3~14天防效,康欣373（苏云金杆菌）、15%凯恩、维特绿（0.3%苦参碱）、清源保（0.6%苦参碱）都在90%以上,防效优于联苯菊酯。     

武汉地区茶树假眼小绿叶蝉种群的消长动态

2010—2011年,采用拍网法对武汉地区茶树假眼小绿叶蝉成、若虫的消长动态进行调查,并评价4种杀虫剂对茶树假眼小绿叶蝉的防治效果。结果表明：武汉地区茶树假眼小绿叶蝉种群消长动态趋势总体相似,均呈现2个虫口发生高峰,第1次高峰在6月上旬至7月中旬,第2次高峰在9月中旬至11月中旬,第1次高峰虫量多,第2次高峰持续时间较长;成、若虫的发生期有所不同,若虫发生期为4月上中旬至11月下旬,成虫全年可见。150 g/L茚虫威乳油、240 g/L虫螨腈悬浮剂、22%噻虫•高氯氟微囊悬浮–悬浮剂对假眼小绿叶蝉防效见效快,药后1 d防效达61%～88%,药后3 d防效均在90%以上。