刀片及圆锥螺旋钻尖的三维建模和优化分析

建立刀片在工作过程中的受力模型,得出刀片切土角和安装角的合理选取范围。通过分析螺旋线的形成原理,建立了锥形面螺旋线的统一方程,并对圆锥螺旋钻尖的翼片刀刃部分进行了优化分析。     

竹叶枯型丛枝病的研究

竹叶枯型丛枝病为害新梢嫩叶,造成叶枯、梢枯,连年发病引发小枝丛生,该病发展快,发病时间短,季节性强。老病枝连年发病,使新梢发病率常达90％以上。病叶上普遍产生黑褐色点状的子囊菌子实体。用子囊孢子对健壮株枝梢作人工接种,第2年新梢嫩叶发病,具典型症状。经鉴定该病病原菌为竹暗球腔菌(Phaeosphaeria bambusae Miyake et Hara)。刚竹属中的淡竹(Phyllostachys glauca)、桂竹(Ph. bambusoide)和融安刚竹(Ph. sp.)发病最重。3月间竹腔注射20％粉锈宁乳油剂(1∶200)1次,即可明显减轻该病的发生。     

广西葡萄良种脱毒研究进展

建立葡萄脱毒技术并繁育和推广葡萄良种脱毒苗木,对于广西葡萄产业的健康可持续发展极为重要。本研究团队在广西最先开展了葡萄脱毒技术研究。目前已建立了10种葡萄主要病毒的RT-PCR检测方法,并建立了热处理结合茎尖培养的葡萄脱毒技术,且已成功对‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄、‘夏黑’葡萄和‘巨峰’葡萄三个优良品种的带毒单株进行了脱毒。研究成果有助于进一步推动广西葡萄产业的健康可持续发展。     

家蚕体节极性基因(Bmdpp)的克隆与表达研究

体节极性基因dpp是昆虫发育过程中的关键基因。采用生物信息学的方法,利用家蚕EST数据获得了家蚕dpp基因(Bmdpp)cDNA序列。该cDNA序列全长1 206 bp,ORF1 146 bp,编码381个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子质量38.6 kD,等电点9.18。将克隆的Bmdpp基因完整CDS序列亚克隆到pET-28a(+)表达载体,转化、诱导后经SDS-PAGE电泳检测到约40 kD与预测分子质量相符的目的蛋白条带。对Bmdpp在家蚕胚胎不同发育时期的表达分析发现,该基因在受精6~14 h的表达量很低,甚至没有表达。这一表达模式和果蝇dpp基因在胚胎发育过程中的表达模式相似,推测Bmdpp在家蚕早期胚胎发育的背-腹轴分化中起作用。     

Comparison of different conditions inducing embryonic stem cells

AIM: To evaluate the different conditions inducing mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) in vitro to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. METHODS: BRL conditioned medium was used to promote the growth of ESC and maintain them in an undifferentiated state. During the inducing process, retinoic acid (RA), DMSO, activin-A and TGF-β₁ were used as inducing reagents, and made up six kinds of differentiating medium. Then a three-step method inducing ESC cultured in hanging drops, in suspension and in plating was used to induce the differentiation of ESC. RESULTS: ESC were induced in vitro to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. Of all groups, the highest differentiating rate was observed in the group induced by activin-A (20 μg/L) and TGF-β₁ (2 μg/L). CONCLUSION: The inducing conditions including activin-A (20 μg/L) and TGF-β₁ (2 μg/L) is very valuable in inducing ESC differentiation into cardiomyocytes.     

六价铬(K_2CrO_4)对小麦根尖细胞毒害效应的分析

用不同浓度的铬酸钾(1.00,5.00,10.0,25.0,75.0,200,500μmol.L-1)对小麦根尖进行染毒处理24 h,显微镜观察小麦根尖有丝分裂细胞,统计微核率、有丝分裂指数、染色体畸变率。结果表明,在相同时间内,随着六价铬(CrO42-)浓度的增大,微核率逐渐升高;细胞有丝分裂指数逐渐降低;染色体畸变率逐渐升高;呈现出明显的剂量效应。说明六价铬(CrO42-)可引起小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的抑制和染色体的损伤,对小麦幼根具有明显的毒害效应。     

叶顶间隙大小对螺旋离心泵内部压力脉动的影响

叶顶间隙大小是影响半开式螺旋离心泵内外特性的重要因素之一,为充分探究叶顶间隙大小对其内外特性的影响程度及作用机理,该文以一台比转速237的单叶片螺旋离心泵为研究对象,通过设计叶顶间隙专用调节机构,分别调整叶顶间隙大小至0.3、0.5和0.8 mm,与叶轮外径的比值分别为0.13%、0.22%和0.35%。针对3种叶顶间隙大小情况,同时进行外特性试验和压力脉动试验研究。压力脉动的监测点包括叶轮进口边、叶轮中部、蜗壳第三断面和蜗壳隔舌附近。结果表明叶顶间隙大小与叶轮平均直径的比值应介于0.13%~0.22%之间。同时,结合压力脉动试验获得的实测压力波形图、压力系数波形图及频域图,分析了单叶片螺旋离心泵内部压力脉动的规律,为半开式螺旋离心泵的减振降噪提供参考和借鉴。     

鹅肌球蛋白重链1基因MyHC1全长cDNA克隆、序列及胚胎期表达特征分析

肌球蛋白是组成肌原纤维粗丝的主要成分,在肌肉生长发育和运动收缩过程起重要作用。本研究采用反转录PCR和快速扩增cDNA末端(rapid amplification cDNA ends,RACE)方法,从太湖鹅(Anser anser)肌肉中克隆到肌球蛋白重链1基因(myosin heavy chain 1,MyHC1)的全长cDNA,并运用生物信息学的方法对其进行分析,实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR,qRT-PCR)检测MyHC1基因在鹅胚胎期的表达情况。研究结果表明,鹅MyHC1基因(Gen Bank登录号:KM675469)cDNA全长6028 bp,包含5 823 bp的开放性阅读框,57 bp的5’端非编码区和148 bp的3’端非编码区,共编码1 940个氨基酸。经预测,鹅MyHC1基因编码的蛋白质由31 478个原子组成,分子式为C9746H15817N2753O3096S66,相对分子质量为223 kD,等电点为5.62,平均亲水性为-0.786,属于不稳定亲水蛋白。在线预测鹅和鸡(Gallus gallus)的MyHC1蛋白质三维结构呈高度相似,由多螺旋和折叠片聚集成球状头部,并带有长纤维状α-螺旋尾部。鹅MyHC1的编码区(coding sequence,CDS)序列与鸡的同源性最高,为92.86%,与哺乳类同源性多数在84%左右,与两栖类同源性相对较低。鹅与鸡氨基酸同源性最高,为96.45%,与哺乳类的同源性多数在90%左右,与非洲爪蛙(Xenopus laevis)同源性较低,为78.13%。系统进化树分析表明,哺乳动物形成一个大分支,两栖类自成一支,鹅和红原鸡聚成一支,分子进化地位的关系最近,验证了鹅和鸡属于近缘物种。qRT-PCR检测到MyHC1基因在胚胎期第7天开始表达,以后表达量逐渐升高,在15d表达量达到高峰后下降,25d之后逐渐趋于平稳,表明,MyHC1基因在鹅胚胎期mRNA水平的表达量呈先上升再下降的趋势。本研究首次获得了鹅MyHC1的全长cDNA序列、分子的结构特点和表达特征,显示该基因在鹅肌肉生长发育过程起重要作用,为该基因的功能及鹅肉质性状研究提供了基础资料。     

Calcium nutrition of the sugarbeet

Abstract

When sugarbeet seedlings are transferred from a complete nutrient solution to one from which Ca has been withheld, the rootlets and tops fail to develop. The same transfer at the eight‐leaf stage causes the rootlets to become stubby and swollen at the tips and blade expansion becomes modified; particularly the upper portions of the blades attaining nearly full development, which pucker and often develop a cupping or hooding effect; a unique symptom characteristic of Ca deficiency. As each new leaf develops, the blade area becomes smaller until only a black tip remains at the apex of the petiole, which is the symptom referred to as tip‐burn for this petiole and the successively . shorter petioles formed as Ca deficiency increases in severity. Strangely, these symptoms also appear during periods of rapid growth when the nutrient solution contains as much as 10 to 28 milliequivalents per liter of Ca or when soils are high in Ca. This implies that Ca absorption and possibly translocation limits the Ca supply at the growing point. Increasing Mg in the nutrient solution decreases Ca uptake and increases Ca deficiency. Potassium deficiency, unexpectedly, induces Ca deficiency apparently by decreasing the translocation of Ca to the growing point.

These phenomena suggest the hypothesis that when ion absorption takes place from the root exchange site that has the affinity for H > Ca > Mg > K > Na, then the H generated internally replaces, and the roots absorb, Na, K and Mg preferentially. Externally, Ca would be adsorbed preferentially from the nutrient solution by the exchange complex, and with the addition of Mg, it would compete for the common adsorption site of Ca and limit Ca absorption internally. Under these conditions potassium‐deficient nutrient solutions would not induce Ca deficiency by decreasing Ca absorption but rather by decreasing Ca translocation. Theoretically, Ba would replace H more readily than Ca on the exchange complex, and therefore, Ba would be adsorbed preferentially and Ca uptake would increase. This effect of Ba was verified experimentally.

Since the translocation of ⁴⁵Ca to the growing point was found to be unrestricted under Ca‐sufficient and Ca‐deficient conditions and since the formation of insoluble Ca compounds such as phosphate or oxalate did not account for the Ca deficiency at the growing point, the cause of the Ca deficiency at the growing point is most likely the higher priority of the storage root for Ca over tops when leaf blades and storage root are both expanding rapidly. However, Ca retransport from older to younger parts of the sugarbeet plant may be restricted by the formation of Ca phosphate under Ca‐deficient conditions and Ca oxalate under Ca‐sufficient conditions.

Calcium deficiency increases net photosynthesis per unit blade area initially, probably because of blade puckering, but not on a per unit chlorophyll basis.     

基于本征正交分解的水平轴风力机非定常尾迹特性分析

风力机的尾流效应对下游风力机的气动性能和疲劳载荷均有重要影响。为了研究叶尖速比对水平轴风力机非定常尾迹特性的影响,该研究在中性大气条件下采用基于致动线模型的大涡模拟（Large Eddy Simulation, LES）方法对不同叶尖速比下运行的风力机进行了数值模拟,并采用本征正交分解（Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, POD）方法对风力机尾迹结构进行了分析。结果表明,叶尖速比对风力机下游12D（D为风轮直径）范围内速度分布有显著影响,随着流向距离的增加,叶尖速比的影响逐渐减弱;风轮尾迹中2D处的速度亏损最大,在下游28.5D附近速度完全恢复;叶尖速比对风力机尾迹湍流强度有很大影响,叶尖速比为2时尾流湍流强度最弱,而叶尖速比为3时尾流湍流强度最大,说明该叶尖速比下尾流与大气边界层掺混作用剧烈,有利于尾迹速度恢复;叶尖速比对风力机尾迹结构的尺度和含能大小有显著影响,叶尖速比为3时尾迹中的大尺度结构及其含能占比最高,随着POD模态阶数的增加,尾流结构尺度和含能逐渐减小;风力机尾迹结构由反向旋转的高、低速涡对组成,其垂向尺度可达到整个边界层厚度,而风力机风能吸收利用效率主要体现在尾迹展向湍涡结构的尺度。该研究可为深入理解叶尖速比对风力机尾迹平均统计特征及结构演化的影响提供依据,为风力机优化设计和运行策略制定提供帮助。