不同生育期干旱胁迫对玉米籽粒产量及其果穗性状的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究不同生育期干旱对杂交玉米籽粒产量及果穗性状的影响,结果表明,抽雄-吐丝期干旱对玉米籽粒产量及果穗性状影响大于喇叭口期,而持续干旱将导致减产进一步加剧,不同品种之间,安单2号的抗旱能力显著大于安单3号。通径分析表明,穗粒数的减少是导致减产的主要因素,果穗性状受干旱影响的程度行粒数穗行数穗长穗粗。     

深松与控释尿素耦合对夏玉米穗位叶衰老代谢及籽粒产量的影响

试验采用裂区设计,以耕作方式为主区,施肥方式为副区,研究田间不同耕作方式下,施肥方式对玉米穗位叶衰老代谢及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,相同耕作方式下,控释尿素处理可显著提高植株的总吸氮量,在玉米吐丝后光合叶面积指数显著高于常规尿素处理（P〈0．05）,控释尿素处理也可显著提高玉米穗位叶SOD、POD和CAT活性,增加可溶性蛋白含量,降低MDA积累量。因而,该控释尿素处理对籽粒灌浆速率的提高效果显著。相同施肥方式下,深松处理可以提高植株水分利用效率,有利于玉米产量的提高。深松与控释尿素耦合满足了植株对水分氮素吸收利用的时空需求,显著提高了玉米吐丝后的光合叶面积指数、抗氧化酶活性、灌浆速率和干物质积累量,延缓穗位叶衰老效果最佳,籽粒产量最高。     

氮肥运筹对钵苗机插水稻性状及产量的影响

[目的]研究不同氮肥运筹对钵苗机插水稻性状及产量的影响。[方法]以杂交籼稻Ⅱ优118和常规粳稻武运粳27为材料,研究不同基蘖肥和穗肥比例对水稻茎蘖动态、成穗率、产量及其构成因素的影响。[结果]基蘖肥:穗肥为7∶3的氮肥运筹方式有利于提高穗数,增加产量;Ⅱ优118以基蘖肥178.5 kg/hm~2、总用氮量255 kg/hm~2的处理的产量最高;武运粳27以基蘖肥252.0 kg/hm~2、总用氮量360 kg/hm~2的处理的群体产量最高。[结论]该研究为钵苗机插水稻的最佳氮肥运筹方式的推广提供理论基础。     

关中平原小麦品种穗部温度演替特征及其与产量的关系

为探究关中地区小麦品种穗部温度的演替特征及其与产量的关系,以关中平原过去80年主推品种为研究对象,对各品种开花期、花后7 d、花后14 d、花后21 d、花后28 d和成熟期穗部温度、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、穗粒重和产量及其关系进行分析。结果表明,小麦品种开花期和花后穗部温度随审定年份的递进分别呈现逐渐升高和降低趋势,穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、穗粒重和产量均呈现逐渐增加趋势。开花期穗部温度与穗粒重、产量及其构成因素均呈正相关,而花后穗部温度与之均呈负相关。这说明穗部温度在开花期较高、在花后较低时有利于小麦产量形成,可作为小麦高产品种选育的参考指标。     

玉米苗期不同供水条件下穗部性状与产量的相关分析

本试验在防雨棚中盆栽条件下进行。供试玉米杂交种5个,苗期设置正常供水、轻度干旱胁迫和中度干旱胁迫3个供水处理,拔节期均复水到正常供水水平。籽粒成熟后,对产量和主要穗部性状进行相关分析和通径分析。结果表明:正常供水条件下,百粒重对产量的影响较大;轻度干旱胁迫条件下,粒长和出籽率与产量关系最密切,通径分析表明轴粗对产量的贡献最大;中度干旱胁迫条件下,行粒数对产量的影响较大。     

鲜食糯玉米自交系果穗秃尖性状评价及其配合力分析

在南通和三亚两个环境下对84份鲜食糯玉米自交系果穗秃尖长度进行鉴定和评价,筛选果穗无秃尖性状种质资源.结果 表明,在南通和三亚分别筛选到无秃尖性状的优异自交系14、16个,两个环境下均无秃尖性状的自交系共9个,分别为LBN2586、L8F、HZHW-1、J2FBSY、TZP、N7-2、L1M、ZBN1 ·W361和H3...     

微胚乳超高油玉米株高和穗位高的主基因+多基因遗传模型

以2个微胚乳超高油玉米组合的P1、F1、P2、B1、B2和F2 6个世代为材料,采用数量性状的主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析法,研究了株高和穗位高的遗传。对2个不同组合的研究结果表明:组合I株高的遗传符合加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型;穗位高的遗传符合1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率在B1、B2和F2分别为27.27%、37.36%和58.59%。组合II株高的遗传符合1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率在B1、B2和F2分别为18.41%、1.03%和12.61%;穗位高的遗传符合加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型。     

杂交稻产量性状对栽植密度反应的基因型差异研究

[目的]探究多个不同基因型水稻品种对栽培密度的反应差异性。[方法]以四川盆地10个宜栽杂交水稻品种为材料,研究其在4种栽植密度下单株穗数及穗部经济性状变化的差异性。[结果]栽植密度对供试杂交稻单株有效穗数影响最为明显,与其每穗着粒数、实粒数和穗粒重也有明显的相关关系,但对结实率和千粒重的影响很小。[结论]不同基因型品种单株穗数及穗部经济性状对栽植密度的反应存在较明显的差异性。     

玉米不同产量水平下农艺性状分析

对河南省 1988～ 2 0 0 0年早熟组夏玉米区试中不同产量水平下玉米杂交种主要农艺性状变化 ,以及对 72 15kg/hm2 以上产量水平进行相关及通径分析 ,结果表明 :选育 75 2 0kg/hm2 以下玉米杂交种时 ,必须重视千粒重、穗长和行粒数的选择 ;选育 75 2 0kg/hm2 以上玉米杂交种时 ,应在稳定提高穗粗和穗行数基础上 ,主攻千粒重、穗长和行粒数 ,同时注意生育期和株高要适中 ,把杂交种的各农艺性状协调到最佳程度 ,选育出性状优良的高产杂交种     

Intra-specific competition in maize: Ear development,flowering dynamics and kernel set of early-established plant hierarchies

Maize canopies with a synchronous seedling emergence and a uniform plant spatial distribution exhibit early-established plant hierarchies (at the 4-leaf stage; V₄). The dominant and dominated individuals of the stand differ in plant growth rate during both the pre-silking period (i.e. from V₇ to V₁₃; PGR_PS) and the period around silking (i.e. a 30 d period centered in silking; PGR_S), and in the ear growth rate around silking (EGR_S). Based on the depleted availability of assimilates of the dominated plants, we tested the hypotheses that (i) the low PGR_PS of dominated individuals affects the morphogenesis of the apical ear leading to a low number of completely developed flowers per ear, and (ii) the low EGR_S of dominated individuals results in a pronounced asynchrony of flowering dynamics and uneven silk exsertion from the husks. Two hybrids with contrasting tolerance to crowding stress (DK752 and DK765 as the tolerant and the intolerant hybrid, respectively) were cropped under different intensities of interplant competition (6, 12, 12 plants m⁻² thinned to 6 plants m⁻² at V₉ and 6 plants m⁻² shaded from V₉ onwards) during 2004/2005 and at 12 plants m⁻² during 2005/2006 at Pergamino (34°56′S 60°34′W), Argentina. Dominant plants were the individuals of the stands with the highest PGR_PS (ca. 1.72 and 2.56 g d⁻¹ for dominated and dominant plants, respectively), PGR_S (ca. 3.05 and 3.94 g d⁻¹ for dominated and dominant plants, respectively) and EGR_S (ca. 1.06 and 1.55 g d⁻¹ for dominated and dominant plants, respectively). This plant type also exhibited the most synchronous flowering dynamics (anthesis–silking interval ca. 1.49 and 1.15 days for dominated and dominant plants, respectively) and the highest kernel set (ca. 401 and 572 kernels plant⁻¹ for dominated and dominant plants, respectively). Apical ears of dominated plants exhibited a delayed in the rate of progress to successive floral stages, but the final number of completely developed flowers per ear did not differ between extreme plant types (ca. 967 and 803 completely developed flowers per ear for DK752 and DK765, respectively). Hence, kernel number per plant was not limited by the number of completely developed flowers per ear, but flowering dynamics were a decisive factor in kernel set of both plant types. Asynchronous silking within the ear of dominated plants determined a greater proportion of flowers per ear with non-exposed silks on silking + 5 d and a larger asynchrony in silk extrusion within the ear. These responses increased kernel abortion rate respect to figures obtained for dominant individuals.