基于PLC技术的自动化灌溉施肥系统的设计

随着我国农业科技的发展,滴灌施肥智能化控制技术越来越引起人们的关注,成为未来优质高效设施农业的发展趋势。为此,通过市场调研,采用PLC控制技术,进行了自动化灌溉施肥系统的设计开发;通过性能测试,实验取得了较好的效果,为将PLC技术引入到灌溉施肥控制系统的后续研究提供了借鉴。     

尿素类型与灌溉管理对玉米节水保肥的影响

水分和氮素管理对提高作物产量具有重要作用。笔者研究尿素类型与灌溉管理对玉米节水保肥的影响以达到玉米高氮肥利用效率和高产田的生产目标。本研究在2016—2017年开展2年完全随机区组设计试验,讨论了尿素类型(普通尿素和控释尿素)及灌溉对玉米土壤和氮素利用的影响。每种尿素类型设置2种氮素水平,分别为75、150 kg N/hm²,以不施氮肥为对照。水分设置2种灌溉水平,分别为全生育期不灌水和灌浆阶段灌水85 mm。结果表明:在灌溉与施氮水平相同下,0～40 cm土层应用控释尿素处理氮含量较高,但在更深的土壤层低于普通尿素处理;相对于不灌溉,灌溉增加了硝态氮的损失,但施用控释尿素的处理硝态氮损失低于施用普通尿素处理;灌溉条件下施用控释尿素可以提高玉米氮素吸收,并使更多的氮向籽粒中转移;与普通尿素相比,控释尿素提高了氮肥利用率,降低土壤对氮需求的依赖。控释尿素低氮的释放可以减少硝态氮在土壤中的存留时间而迅速被玉米吸收,从而降低硝态氮的损失风险,提高了土壤氮肥利用效率。综上,控释尿素与少量灌溉相结合适用于华北半湿润地区达到玉米高氮肥利用效率和高产田的生产目标。     

Morphological quality of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) ears as response to soil moisture tension and phosphate fertilization in Campeche, Mexico

In Mexico, corn production, part of which is sweet corn, is mainly destined for human consumption. In the present work, the morphological quality of sweet corn ears was assessed in response to four levels of soil moisture tension indicating irrigation start (−5, −30, −55, and −80 kPa) and three levels of phosphate fertilization (60, 80 and 100 kg ha⁻¹) in carstic soils in the south-east of Mexico. A factorial experimental design with three replicates was used. The following variables were determined: fresh weight (SCFWh), dry weight (SCDWh), diameter (SCDh), and length (SCLh) of sweet corn ears, all without husk, as well as number of kernels (NKxE), number of unfilled kernels (NUK), number of rows (NRxE), and dry kernel weight per ear (DKW). Yield of fresh (YFSCh) and dry (YDSCh) sweet corn ears, both without husk, and the harvest index (HI) were also determined. HI did not show significant statistical differences among irrigation or fertilization treatments. Regarding the other variables, the effect of the more humid treatments (−5 and −30 kPa) and the effect of the higher phosphorus doses (80 and 100 kg ha⁻¹) were statistically equal (P ≤ 0.01) with the lowest NUK and the highest values of all other variables; therefore, irrigation start at soil moisture tension of −30 kPa and phosphate fertilization application of 80 kg ha⁻¹ are recommended. At this level of soil moisture, the mean values over the three fertilization levels and all the replicates, obtained for SCFWh, SCDh, SCLh and NKxE were 198.5 g, 4.39 cm, 26.72 cm and 467 grains, respectively. According to the regression models, moisture tensions from −11.8 to −24.0 kPa, and phosphate fertilization doses from 87.7 to 102.2 kg ha⁻¹ minimize NUK and maximize the values of the rest of the variables. The highest irrigation water use efficiency was found in the moisture tension treatment of −30 kPa with an increase of 27 kg ha⁻¹ ears for each millimeter of applied irrigation water.     

发展山园瓯柑节水喷灌机械配套节本增效技术

随着我国综合国力的稳步发展,城乡人民的生活水平也不断提高,发展瓯柑种植面积和提高产量,改善瓯柑品质,是人们物质生活的需要,也是我国新形势下农业产业结构调整的发展趋势,并带动山区农民共同致富,利国又利民。本文就温州地区发展山园瓯柑节水喷灌机械配套节本增效技术进行叙述,对于推广应用具有重要的现实意义。     

微灌地膜的节水保墒增温效应研究

在实验基础上 ,分析论述了微灌地膜的节水效果和增温保墒效应。试验结果表明 ,微灌地膜可比地面灌溉节水 61 % ,增加地温 3℃～ 6℃ ,近地面空气相对湿度提高 3 0 %～ 40 % ,综合效应明显。可供微灌地膜或膜下微灌的进一步研究设计参考     

Potential for the alleviation of arsenic toxicity in paddy rice using amorphous iron-(hydr)oxide amendments

Abstract

A pot culture experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of amorphous iron-(hydr)oxide (Am-FeOH) amendments on arsenic (As) availability and its uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BR28) irrigated with As-contaminated water. A rhizobag system was established using 3.5 L plastic pots, each containing one central compartment for plant growth, a middle compartment and an outside compartment. Three levels of laboratory-synthesized Am-FeOH (0, 0.1 and 0.5% w/w) were used to amend samples of the As-free sandy loam paddy soil placed into each compartment of the rhizobag system. The soils were submerged with a solution containing 5 mg L^?1 As(V). Two-week-old rice seedlings were planted in the central compartments and cultured for 9 weeks under greenhouse conditions. The addition of 0.1% Am-FeOH to the soil irrigated with As-contaminated water improved plant growth, reduced the As concentration in the plants and enhanced Fe-plaque formation on the root surfaces. Analysis of soil solution samples collected during the experiment revealed higher pH levels and lower redox potentials in the soils amended with Am-FeOH at the onset of soil submergence, but later the soil solution collected from the 0.1% Am-FeOH treatment was slightly acidic and more oxidized than the solution from the 0% treatment. This indicated active functioning of the roots in the soil treated with 0.1% Am-FeOH. The concentrations of As(III) in the soil solution collected from the central compartment were significantly reduced by the Am-FeOH amendments, whereas in the soil treated with 0% Fe, As(III) accumulated in the rhizosphere, particularly during the late-cultivation period. The improvement in plant growth and reduction in As uptake by plants growing in the Am-FeOH treated soil could be attributed to the reduction of available As in the soil solution, mainly as a result of the binding of As to the Fe-plaque on the root surfaces.     

温室增温和灌溉量变化对棉花产量、 生物量及水分利用效率的影响

为了解气候变化对棉花生长的影响,在2011—2012 年,通过2 个温室进行增温和灌溉量变化的试验（一个温室用红外灯管增温,另一个不增温）,每个温室设田间灌溉量的0.7 倍、0.85 倍、1 倍、1.15 倍、1.3 倍5 个灌溉水平,研究增温和灌溉量对产量、生物量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,棉花生长季平均温度增加1~3.5℃有利于产量的增加,生长季、花期和铃期温度升高1℃,产量分别增加200.694、225.732、109.838 kg/hm2,而蕾期温度升高1℃却会降低产量162.814 kg/hm2。生长季和蕾期增温1℃会分别降低生物量1079.2、1179.8 kg/hm2,降低产量和干物质的水分利用效率3.4215、2.8098 kg/(hm2·mm)。灌溉倍数每增加1 倍,产量和生物量分别增加734.51、2242.3 kg/hm2。但增温会增加水分的消耗量,这对于处于干旱区的新疆来说是不利的。随着气候变暖,棉花耗水增大,产量增加。     

Plastic upper bound theory reliability analysis of coal gangue hills

We established the plasticity limit analysis reliability limit state equation and the reliability calculating formula for gangue hills using the JC method. This work was based on the plasticity mechanics limit analysis upper bound theory and traditional slice methods. A reliability index of gangue hill stability was derived using this equation. It was found that the safety coefficient of gangue hills derived by the limit state equation risks failure if the variability of cohesion and internal friction angle are not considered. When the variability of the strength parameters rises, the reliability theory more consistently projects practicality than the limit state equation for gangue hill stability assessment.     

施磷对限水灌溉小麦根冠及产量的影响研究

试验研究结果表明 ,盆栽限水灌溉时施P明显促进小麦幼穗、根系和株高的早期生长发育 ,而对叶片含水量和叶绿素含量的影响较小 ;施P明显提高小麦地上部干物质量和产量 ,且以限水处理效果最明显 ,提高了限水处理“温麦 6”根干物质量以及“温麦 6”和“冀麦 36”穗数     

A New Beam Column Element of Space Framed Structures for Nonlinear Analysis of Geometric Material

An incremental virtual work equation of three dimensional(3D) beam column element is proposed based on the UL method. The geometric nonlinear tangent stiffness matrix for 3D beam column element is deduced with the consideration of warping, shear deformation and effects of moment spatial rotation. Material nonlinearity is addressed by introducing plastic hinges at the element ends. And the Orbison sectional strength is modified in order to consider the effects of torsion moment and warping. The elastic plastic tangent stiffness matrix is acquired as the element ends are in plastic phase based on the flow theory. With a case studied, it is shown that the model can be used to predict accurately the ultimate bearing capacity and instability mode of 3Dspace frames by only one or two elements, and address the effects of warping and shear deformations effectively.