珍稀花生新品种“彩色珍珠”的选育及栽培

花生新品种"彩色珍珠"是湖南农业大学采用辐射诱变技术选育而成。其突出特点:一是外观和食味品质优异,果形美观,种衣色彩鲜艳,出仁率高,食味香甜而酥松;二是油酸与亚油酸比值(O/L)达1.28,货架寿命长;三是综合抗性好,耐酸性、耐瘠性、耐涝性均强,高抗叶斑病、锈病,中抗焦斑病,白绢病轻;四是高产稳产,参加湖南省花生品种区域试验平均荚果产量3897.2 kg/hm2,比对照祁阳小籽增产18.3%。     

Diagnosis of Soil Nutrient Constraints in Small-Scale Groundnut （Arachis hyopaea L,） Production Systems of Western Kenya Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Wise decision-making on resource allocation and intervention targeting for soil management cannot rely solely on trial and error methods and field observations used by small-scale farmers： cost-effective soil fertility survey methods are needed. This study aimed to test the applicability of infrared spectroscopy （IR） as a diagnostic screening tool for making soil fertility recommendations in small-scale production systems. Soil fertility survey of 150 small-scale groundnut farms in western Kenya was conducted using a spatially stratified random sampling strategy. Soil properties examined were pH in water （pHw）, total carbon （C）, total nitrogen （N）, extractable phosphorus （P）, exchangeable potassium （K）, calcium （Ca）, magnesium （Mg） and texture. These properties were calibrated to mid-infrared （MIR） diffuse reflectance using partial least square regression （PLSR）. Cross-validated coefficient of determination （r2） values obtained from calibration models were 〉 0.80 for all properties, except P and K with 0.66 and 0.50 respectively. Soil nutritional deficiencies were evaluated using critical nutrient limits based on IR predictions and composite soil fertility indices （SFIs） developed from the soil properties using principal component analysis. The SFIs were calibrated to MIR soil spectral reflectance with cross-validated r： values 〉 0.80. The survey showed that 56% of the groundnut farms had severe soil nutrient constraints for production, especially exchangeable Ca, available P and organic matter. IR can provide a robust tool for farm soil fertility assessment and recommendation systems when backed up by conventional reference analyses. However, further work is required to test direct calibration of crop responses to spectral indicators and to improve prediction of extractable P and K tests.     

杭州西湖北山北坡理景艺术分析

在杭州西湖建设背景基础上,分析了北山北坡传统园林的文化内涵与造园手法。通过分析阐明北山北坡传统园林的价值,并以其为例,深入探讨了中国古典造园手法。     

玉龙雪山牦牛坪景区路径沿线的植被及土壤特征分析

以玉龙雪山牦牛坪景区的亚高山草甸为研究对象,运用方差分析、非度量多维测度分析以及回归分析等方法确定研究区路径沿线植被及土壤特征的变化规律,及其在不同类型路径沿线的差异。结果表明,1)垂直于路径方向上,随距离路径边缘距离(DIST)的增加,植被盖度、高度及物种数呈上升趋势,土壤pH呈下降趋势,土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)及土壤含水量呈现上升趋势;2)随着DIST的增加,杂类草植物所占比重降低,禾本科植物增加;3)正式路径(人工栈道)沿线的植被盖度及高度、SOM、TN及土壤含水量一般要高于非正式路径(非人工铺设的土石路),土壤pH要低于非正式路径,且两种类型路径沿线植被特征的差异在DIST 9 m范围内明显;4)所构建的植被综合指数(VAI)与土壤综合指数(SAI)显示,距离路径边缘3 m范围内VAI与背景样存在显著差异(P<0.05),而SAI与背景样存在显著差异的范围要比VAI大,土壤的变化滞后于植被的变化;5)正式路径沿线7 m、非正式路径沿线12 m的范围是今后景区需采取管理措施重点恢复的区域。     

Potential involvement of Aspergillus flavus laccases in peanut invasion at low water potential

Aspergillus flavus accumulates carcinogenic aflatoxins in peanuts, mainly in immature kernels during drought. Aspergillus flavus invasion induces accumulation of phytoalexins, mostly stilbenoids in peanut, as a plant defence mechanism. Because fungal laccases are often related to pathogenicity and can degrade stilbenoids, this study reports for the first time the expression of A. flavus laccases in the presence of kernels, hulls and low water potential in relation to the accumulation of phytoalexins in peanut kernels. Packed‐cell volume (PCV) of A. flavus biomass was significantly higher (P ≤ 0·01) in the presence of mature kernels, dead kernels, and mature and immature peanut hulls than the control. The presence of kernels and hulls lowered the level of expression of three A. flavus laccases by 4–6‐fold (P < 0·01), whereas 3% sucrose up‐regulated them by 35–304‐fold, and low water potential (?1·1 MPa) up‐regulated them by 85–248‐fold (P < 0·01). Phytoalexins that accumulated in peanut kernels in the presence of A. flavus and were quantified by HPLC‐DAD‐MS were primarily the stilbenoids: 3′‐isopentadienyl‐3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene (IPD), chiricanine‐A, arachidin‐2, arachidin‐3 and arahypin‐1. Apparent degradation of phytoalexins was observed when using a priori induction of phytoalexins in seeds in combination with a priori induction of laccases in A. flavus. The up‐regulation of laccase expression observed at ?1·1 MPa and at high sucrose concentration could be contributing to peanut invasion in immature kernels under drought conditions.     

扁形红茶加工工艺技术研究

[目的]探索出兼具绿茶的品相与红茶内质的扁形红茶的加工工艺。[方法]通过对龙井茶与红茶加工工艺的组合研究,结合2种工艺的优势,克服不足,试制出扁形红茶。[结果]研究试制的扁形红茶,其品质与传统工艺加工的条形工夫红茶相当,部分指标优于工夫红茶;其光滑扁平的外形改变了传统红茶的单一外形,形成一种色、香、味、形俱佳的红茶加工工艺。[结论]研究可为茶类结构调整,提高茶产品市场竞争力提供参考。     

Identifying critical limit in soil and plant for determining response of groundnut (Arachis hypogea) to boron application in Madurai soils of Tamil Nadu,India

To establish critical limit in soils and plant, soil samples were collected from twenty; 12, 5 and 3 soil locations of low, medium and high boron (B) status from Madurai district of Tamil Nadu, India for pot culture experiment. Based on the results of pot culture experiment, the critical limit was determined to be 42.7 mg kg^?1 for groundnut plants and 0.39 mg kg^?1 in Madurai soils. Groundnut plants were highly responded to B application in soils below the critical limit whereas soils with B greater than 0.51 mg kg^?1 did not respond. For the confirmation of pot culture results, a field experiment was conducted with different B treatments comprised of soil and foliar applications and results revealed that the pod yield of groundnut increased with increasing levels of B and the soil application of 20 kg ha^?1 as borax has showed significantly higher pod yield in the district.     

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) response to weed and disease management in northern Ghana

Weeds and diseases can reduce peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield or increase cost of production to maintain acceptable yield. While herbicides and fungicides have limited availability in many areas of Ghana and currently are too expensive for resource-poor farmers, control by these pesticides can have a major positive impact on peanut yield. Field experiments were conducted during the rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 in northern Ghana to determine the effects of herbicide and hand weeding in combination with fungicides on pest management and peanut yield. Peanut pod yield was often more highly correlated with disease severity and canopy defoliation resulting from early leaf spot (caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori) and late leaf spot (caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Deighton) than weed biomass. In some instances, less disease and canopy defoliation were observed when weeds were not controlled effectively compared with increased weed management through hand weeding or herbicide. Two hand weedings or applying pendimethalin preemergence with one hand weeding in combination with 4 applications of triadimefon and chlorothalonil resulted in the lowest weed density and canopy defoliation and often resulted in the highest peanut yield.     

云南西盟龙竹材性初步研究

对1～5年生竹龄龙竹的物理力学性能和龙竹竹材不同部位竹材物理力学性能进行试验研究。结果表明,龙竹的竹制品加工,竹龄选择是影响竹制品性能的重要因素,竹制品加工选取竹材的不同部位也是需要考虑的因素。通过对1～5年生竹龄不同种类龙竹的竹材性能进行试验分析还发现,竹壁厚薄不均,产生的收缩应力更大,更易开裂;龙竹根部的竹筒部位由于含水率较高也较易开裂;就竹龄而言,4年以下竹龄的龙竹也较易开裂;竹壁厚度也是影响龙竹开裂的重要因素之一,竹壁较薄的龙竹较容易开裂。