Burial rates of surrogate seeds in arable fields

The probability of seed consumption by surface-dwelling predators depends on the duration of seed exposure on the soil surface. We investigated seed burial using painted ceramic beads as surrogate seeds. Fifty beads of three size classes each were applied to small arenas within crop fields and their fates were followed from August to October. New sets of beads were applied as soon as most beads had disappeared from the soil surface. Bead availability on the soil surface declined immediately after placement, and then declined steadily over time, with increased loss during rain and management practices. Smaller beads were incorporated into the soil/litter matrix more easily than larger beads. Bead burial differed considerably among crop environments, with more burial in forage crops (red clover, lucerne) than in row crops (soyabean, maize). The fact that seed availability differed among crop environments suggests that it can be manipulated to maximise predation risk.     

福建省森林生态环境保护与发展对策

分析了福建省森林生态环境建设现状、问题 ,提出福建省森林生态环境保护与发展的指导思想、遵循原则、总体布局以及保障措施 ,供有关部门决策参考。     

滩地淹水胁迫对杨树生长与木材显微结构的影响

对5种不同淹水时间类型滩地1～10年生杨树单株材积生长动态进行了分析.结果表明:不同类型之间单株材积生长量均存在显著差异,且随着林龄增长,其差异逐步减小;不同淹水胁迫下,当年年轮宽度、纤维细胞数量、木材基本密度均存在显著差异,纤维长度和宽度差异不显著;杨树年轮宽度与径向纤维细胞数、导管数、径向纤维比量呈正相关;随淹水胁迫程度加深,当年形成层细胞分裂受到了显著抑制,纤维细胞以及导管数量减少,林木径向生长量下降,径向导管比量提高,纤维比量下降,细胞壁腔比减小,木材密度明显降低.对5种淹水类型滩地的林木生长进行了系统聚类,合并划分为4种生长类型,对其中3种常规造林宜林类型杨树生长潜力进行了预测.     

关于现浇箱梁预压方法--水压法的探讨

支架预压是现浇梁施工必须经过的准备工序。介绍了水压法的可行性和简单的操作过程 ,并对水压法和钢筋预压法的成本、工期进行了比较研究     

水温升高对黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪变态时长和血液参数的影响

为探究升温对黑斑侧褶蛙（Pelophylax nigromaculatus）变态时长、形态表型和血液参数的影响,在水温为21、23、25和27℃条件下,测定了从37期蝌蚪发育至46期变态完成期时的变态时长、身体大小、血液中各型白细胞的百分比及嗜中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞的比值（N/L的比值）的变化。结果显示,21 ℃组和23 ℃组的变态时长显著长于25 ℃组和27 ℃组（P < 0.05）;体重、体长以及体重与体长的比值都在21 ℃组最高,25 ℃组最低,但均无明显的组间差异（P > 0.05）。水温对血液淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和单核细胞的百分比以及N/L的比值均无明显影响（P > 0.05）。升温可加速黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪的变态过程,但不影响各型白细胞所代表的天然免疫能力和应激反应能力。     

1960～2010年云南省日照时数和风速变化特征

为了解近几十年来云南省日照时数和风速的变化规律,利用云南省1960~2010年29个台站日照时数和风速的月值数据,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall突变检验等统计方法,分析了其年代际、年际、季和月的变化特征.结果表明:1960~2010年云南省日照时数和风速都分别以-16.8h/10a和-0.037(m·s-1)/10a的速率呈显著减少趋势;日照时数和风速年际和年代际变化幅度都较大,日照峰值(60年代)与谷值(90年代)相差92.0h,风速峰值(70年代)与谷值(90年代)相差0.32m/s;日照时数和风速各个季节都呈下降变化,但也有明显的季节差异,日照时数各季节变化幅度大小为冬季>春季>夏季>秋季,风速各季节变化幅度大小为春季>冬季>夏季>秋季.日照时数和风速各月变化以减少趋势为主,其中日照时数7月减少最多,风速3月下降最多.年日照时数在1981发生由多到少的明显突变,而风速突变不明显.     

不同种植年限黑土型保护地土壤有机质分组研究

文章对不同种植年限的蔬菜保护地0~60 cm土层土壤有机质各组分进行研究,对比分析黑土型保护地有机质含量、活性有机质、缓性有机质和惰性有机质含量。结果表明,哈尔滨市蔬菜保护地土壤有机质总体上处于不稳定状态,其中活性有机质、惰性有机质和缓性有机质在0~20 cm土层积累较多,随土层深度的增加各形态有机质的含量逐渐降低;在各个层次土壤中各形态有机质随着种植年限增加呈现阶段性变化,在一时间段内受施肥种类、用量、种植方式的影响表现出随着年份增加而先增加后减少趋势,一定年限后有机质含量有减少趋势,种植多年后含量会低于大田土壤;蔬菜保护地土壤有机质的积累以缓性有机质的含量最多,其次为惰性有机质,活性有机质最少,其中活性有机质与有机质的变化趋势基本一致。     

Life cycle of Caligus rogercresseyi, (Copepoda: Caligidae) parasite of Chilean reared salmonids

Caligus rogercresseyi, [Contrib. Zool. 69 (2000) 137] is the only caligid known to affect the salmon industry in Southern Chile. Economic losses due to reduced fish quality, cost of chemical treatment and outbreaks of other diseases such as the Piscirickettsiosis occur. The life cycle of C. rogercresseyi is described in rainbow trout reared in seawater tanks from observations made under natural conditions of light and temperature between January 1997 and April 1998. Fish were infected with laboratory-cultured larvae obtained from ovigerous females. Rainbow trout were periodically slaughtered for parasite collection and identification. C. rogercresseyi life cycle includes the following stages: two nauplius, one copepodid, four chalimus and the adult. No preadult stage was observed. Timing of the different stages of development was directly dependent on water temperature. The maturation of the eggs or the time for a complete life cycle took place at 45 days in July at 10.3 °C, 31–32 days in April at 12.4 and 12.8 °C, respectively, and at 26 days in November at 15.2 °C. In January, at 16.7 °C, only the appearance of first eggs were observed at 18 days. A simple degree–day (dd) model is proposed for each developmental stage between 4 and 17 °C, where the development rate is a linear function of the average temperature of water. Using this degree–day model, the proportion of fourth stage chalimus was maximum at 172 dd of effective temperature, adult males at 193 degree–days, adult females at 208 dd. The minimum temperature threshold is at 4.2 °C where there is no development of the parasite. The appearance of first eggs occurred at 231 dd and the first pigmented eggs at 277 dd. The temperature-independent degree–days value allowed to predict the timing of C. rogercresseyi life cycle at any temperature within the evaluated range.     

豆天蛾2个种群生命表参数比较

豆天蛾是大豆生产上的暴发性害虫,但其本身也是一种极具开发潜力的蛋白资源。通过对比在不同温度影响下豆天蛾2个地理种群的发育历期和生命参数,并应用Jackknife技术统计分析。结果表明:海南种群蛹的发育历期为18.60~32.67 d,江苏种群蛹的发育历期为126.46~318.33 d,造成2个种群全世代的发育历期相差数倍;豆天蛾2个种群的存活率都在25℃时达到最高值,海南种群为71.42%,江苏种群为90.00%;在28℃条件下饲养豆天蛾海南种群具有最高的rm值为1.083 5。本研究找出适合人工饲养的最佳种群及人工饲养的最佳温度,这将对解决供不应求的市场难题提供理论支持。     

具有排气功能的毛管末端自动冲洗阀设计与结构优化

该研究创制一种具备自动排气功能（Auto-Exhaust function, AE）的毛管末端自动冲洗阀,以提高冲洗时长和冲洗水量。选取延时流道齿长和齿宽、上腔体容积和冲洗阀进口压力共4个因素,采用L18（37）正交试验设计18种规格的AE冲洗阀,并设置4种无排气装置（Non-Exhaust function, NE）的冲洗阀为对照,探究排气装置提升冲洗阀水力性能的作用机理和AE冲洗阀性能参数对试验因素的响应规律。结果表明,当进口压力为0.06～0.14 MPa时,AE冲洗阀的冲洗时长、冲洗水量和冲洗流速分别为18.2～67.7 s、3 904～12 367 mL和0.88～1.40 m/s。冲洗时长和水量与流道齿长、齿宽和上腔体容积均为正相关关系,与进口压力为负相关关系,冲洗流速只与进口压力有关,为正相关关系。流道齿长、齿宽和上腔体容积对冲洗时长和水量影响显著,进口压力对冲洗时长和流速影响显著（P<0.05）。AE冲洗阀能自动排出上腔体中的空气,增加蓄水容积,使其冲洗时长和水量分别比NE冲洗阀提高83.5%与75.4%以上。综合考虑延时流道抗堵塞性能、冲洗时长和水量等因素,推荐AE冲洗阀流道齿长、齿宽、上腔体容积和进口压力分别为1.2 mm、2.2 mm、19.1 mL和0.06 MPa,其冲洗时长和水量分别是NE冲洗阀的2.8和2.7倍,是进口冲洗阀的7.4和7.0倍,为67.7 s、12 194 mL。研究结果可为具有排气功能的毛管末端自动冲洗阀的研发提供依据。