Comparative potential therapeutic effect of sesame oil and peanut oil against acute monocrotaline (Crotalaria) poisoning in a rat model

Background

Many Crotalaria plant species contain hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (such as monocrotaline) that can cause acute and chronic poisoning in cattle and other animals.

Hypothesis

Peanut oil, atropine sulfate, and antidiarrheal agents are used to treat acute monocrotaline poisoning. The effect of sesame on acute monocrotaline poisoning has never been investigated.

Animals

Fifty male Sprague‐Dawley rats were used for toxicity studies.

Methods

Experiment 1: Group I, control. Groups II–IV were given monocrotaline (205.2 mg/kg) and euthanized 6, 12, and 24 hours later. Experiment 2: Group I, control. Group II monocrotaline alone (205.2 mg/kg). Groups III–VI were given monocrotaline (205.2 mg/kg) and 1 hour later, Groups III and IV were given sesame oil (1 and 2 mL/kg) and Groups V and VI were given peanut oil (1 and 2 mL/kg).

Results

Monocrotaline significantly decreased (P < .05) serum amylase activity, but, over time, increased (P < .05) pancreatic and lung injury. AST and ALT activity and liver injury peaked at 24 hours. Sesame oil and peanut oil (P < .05) inhibited the changes in all tested parameters in acute monocrotaline poisoning. Although peanut oil inhibited acute monocrotaline poisoning, it induced steatosis, but sesame oil did not.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

We hypothesize that early pancreatic and lung injury and late liver injury contribute to acute monocrotaline poisoning and that sesame oil is more efficacious than peanut oil against acute monocrotaline poisoning in rats. However, additional studies are needed to confirm that these oils have the same effects in cattle and other animals.     

从野百合种子中提取野百合碱的研究

为提高野百合碱的提取率,为野百合碱药物的制备提供广泛的来源,从海南野生野百合种子中提取野百合碱。采用恒温浸提与超声波处理相结合的工艺,分别以盐酸、乙醇、氯仿作为提取溶剂进行提取,利用生物碱的溶解特性进行纯化处理。结果表明,最佳提取方法工艺为：乙醇法,料液比为1:4,先在75℃下浸提4 h,再用超声波细胞粉碎仪处理30 min。此条件下提取得野百合种子中野百合碱的平均含量为34.736 mg/g。     

菽麻秸秆有机肥对烟草根结线虫及烟叶产值量的影响

为探究菽麻秸秆有机肥对烤烟农艺性状、产质量及根结线虫病的影响,在四川攀枝花烟区开展了3种用量(15、30、45 kg/667m²)的菽麻秸秆有机肥防治烟草根结线虫病的田间试验。结果表明,增施菽麻秸秆有机肥能够有效改善烤烟的农艺性状,提高烤烟的产量、产值和均价,其中以30kg/667 m²菽麻秸秆有机肥处理的农艺性状、产质量的综合表现最好,产量、产值、均价较0.5%阿维菌素处理分别增加了224.18 kg/hm²、17 316.6元/hm²和5.22元/kg,肥料投入产出比为1∶11.12,160 d的平均相对防效高达62.77%,比阿维菌素防效高12.86%。建议攀枝花烟区,菽麻秸秆有机肥宜在烤烟移栽期施用1次,施用量30 kg/667m²。     

施用8种野百合属绿肥后砖红壤速效钾含量随时间的动态变化

研究施用8种野百合属绿肥后砖红壤速效钾含量随时间的动态变化。结果表明,施用不同的绿肥对土壤速效钾含量的影响不同,但对土壤速效钾含量影响的基本规律一致。施用绿肥后的不同时间内能不同程度的提高土壤速效钾的含量,提高幅度最大的为埋田一个月,且施用绿肥后的土壤速效钾含量显著高于对照(不施用绿肥的土壤)。     

猪屎豆提取物的化感作用研究

[目的]探究猪屎豆是否具有化感作用。[方法]采用种子萌发法(培养皿滤纸法),评价猪屎豆提取物对玉米、萝卜、莴苣和鬼针草的化感作用。[结果]猪屎豆乙醇提取物对鬼针草种子萌发、幼苗根长、苗高和萝卜根长具有化感抑制作用,对玉米、莴苣种子萌发、幼苗根长、苗高和萝卜种子萌发、苗高及莴苣幼苗根长表现为“低促高抑”现象。猪屎豆乙醇提取物的石油醚、正丁醇萃取物对玉米种子萌发、幼苗苗高具有化感抑制作用;而石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水相萃取物对玉米幼苗根长生长均具有促进作用,乙酸乙酯和水相萃取物对玉米幼苗苗高具有促进作用。[结论]猪屎豆提取物对不同植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长均有不同程度的影响,具有一定的化感作用。     

猪屎豆种子萌发特性研究

采用砂纸摩擦种皮,75℃热水、98％浓硫酸和1 g/L KNO3溶液浸种4种处理方法及不同处理时间对猪屎豆(Crotalaria pallida Ait.)种子进行发芽前处理,以蒸馏水处理作为对照,分别在24h黑暗无光照和12h黑暗、12 h光照的恒温培养箱中25℃培养,测定种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数等萌发指标.结果表明,猪屎豆种子的千粒重为11.11 g、硬实率为85％;种子发芽对光照要求不严,属于光不敏感型种子;采用75℃的热水浸种5 min或砂纸摩擦种皮3～5 min,可使种子发芽率提高到100％,促进猪屎豆种子萌发的效果非常显著.     

“Tum-thang” (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Crotalaria tetragona</Emphasis> Roxb. ex Andr.): a little known wild edible species in the north-eastern hill region of India

Crotalaria tetragona Roxb. ex Andr., locally known as “Tum-thang” was collected from Mizoram state of north-eastern hill region of India during 2008. Its flowers were being sold by the tribal communities in local markets. The buds and flowers are cooked as vegetables and used in garnishing of local food preparations especially in non-vegetarian recipes. This species is reported here as little known Edible type in Indian region and may be considered as a multi-purpose species with potential. Edible uses of some of the Crotalaria species in different regions of world have also been included in the present communication.     

猪屎豆丛枝病植原体的分子检测与鉴定

植原体(phytoplasma),原称类菌原体(MLO),在植物和昆虫中广泛分布,为无细胞壁原核微生物,尚不能在人工培养基上离体培养.迄今,世界各地已统计有1000多种植物自然感染植原体病害(Seemüller et al.,1998),我国也报道了100多种植物植原体病害(赖帆等,2008).     

Abundance of insect pests and their effects on biomass yields of single vs. multi-species planted fallows

Indigenous and exotic leguminous shrubs that are promising for planted fallow for soil fertility replenishment in east and southern Africa have been found to harbour many herbivorous insects, giving suspicion that widespread adoption of fallow systems may aggravate insect pests. Studies were conducted on farms in western Kenya from 1999 to 2001 to monitor the abundance of herbivorous insects and assess their effects on biomass yields of pure and mixed fallows. The treatments tested were single and two-species mixtures of Tephrosia vogelii, Sesbania sesban and Crotalaria grahamiana and a natural fallow in a split plot design, with the fallow systems in the main plots and protection vs. no protection against insects in sub-plots spread over six farms. Eighteen insect species belonging to seven orders and 14 families were identified as pests of␣the fallows with varied abundance and infestation level across the sites. While Hilda patruelis and Amphicallia pactolicus were most damaging to C. grahamiana, Mesoplatys ochroptera was detrimental to S.␣sesban. T. vogelii hosted fewer insects than others. Nevertheless the pest infestation did not cause significant biomass yield reduction during the study period. Pest attack was generally greater in villages that had been testing the planted fallows for some years compared with villages that took up the fallows recently. This indicates the potential for increased pest infestation with increased adoption of the system by farmers. Multi-species fallows did not indicate any advantage over single species fallows in terms of either reduced pest incidence or increased biomass production.     

Shrubby legumes for fallow improvement in northern Laos: establishment, fallow biomass, weeds, rice yield, and soil properties

An experiment was carried out in a slash-and-burn production system in northern Laos to evaluate legume establishment methods and effects of legume species on fallow vegetation, weeds, yield of upland rice, and soil parameters. Cajanus cajan, Calliandra calothyrsus, Crotalaria anagyroides, Flemingia congesta, Leucaena leucocephala, and Sesbania sesban were dibbled separately or mixed with rice. Legume and planting method had no effect on rice yield. Legume establishment was slightly improved and vigor after rice harvest was higher when planted in separate hills. Compared to control (no legume), the above ground fallow biomass observed 13 months after establishment, consisting mostly of Chromolaena odorata, was reduced by 68% with C. anagyroides and by 40% with L. leucocephala, while other species had no effect. Most of the C. cajan and S. sesban plants died. In March 1995, 22 months after planting, the biomass was 0.21, 0.25, 1.62 and 2.56 kg m^-2 for F. congesta, C. calothyrsus, C. anagyroides, and L. leucocephala, respectively. Legume species had no effect on rice yield or weed biomass in the rice crop. The species tested can influence fallow vegetation but do not allow for field preparation without burning. Compared to mulching, burning of residue reduced weed biomass by 42%, soil organic C by 9% and the C/N ratio by 6% but increased extractable P by 90% and pH by 8%. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.