车-液耦合响应下液罐车稳定性控制仿真

为了提高液罐车行驶安全性、减少液罐车侧翻、失稳所带来的危害,对于液罐车在转向或换道时车-液耦合动态响应对整车稳定性的影响进行了研究。联合液体纳维斯托克斯和流动控制方程,应用计算流体动力学软件ANSYS/Fluent建立并求解液体晃动模型,通过结合液体晃动模型和三自由度液罐车刚体模型获得液罐车车-液耦合动力学模型,分析有无控制策略情况下,液体晃动对液罐车横向稳定性的影响。仿真结果表明:提出的模糊差动制动控制策略能够有效提高车辆抗侧翻能力,减少罐车运输过程中交通事故的发生,对液罐车运输有指导意义。     

稻草与牛粪混合腐解的最佳配比筛选

【目的】以腐殖质组成特征为评价依据,筛选稻草与牛粪混合腐解的最佳配比,为两类农业固体废弃物的资源化应用提供参考。【方法】以稻草和牛粪为材料,采用室内培养法,研究稻草与牛粪质量比为10∶0(Rs),9∶1(Rd1),7∶3(Rd2),5∶5(Rd3),3∶7(Rd4),1∶9(Rd5)和0∶10(Dm)混合腐解90 d,各处理水溶性物质(WSS)、可提取腐殖酸(HE)、胡敏酸(HA)、胡敏素(Hu)组分的有机碳含量(依次表述为C_(WSS)、C_(HE)、C_(HA)、C_(Hu)),以及胡敏酸碱溶液E_4/E_6、腐殖化系数(C_(HA)/C_(FA))的动态变化,筛选稻草与牛粪腐解的最佳配比。【结果】与0 d相比,在腐解完成(90 d)后,各处理C_(WSS)含量均有不同程度降低,相比于稻草,牛粪腐解后更易促进微生物对C_(WSS)的利用,使其下降86.2%;Rd2和Rd5处理使物料C_(HE)含量分别增加10.2%和28.6%,其余处理C_(HE)均有不同程度消耗;与0 d相比,腐解完成后,Rd1、Rd3和Dm处理均有助于C_(HA)的积累,其中牛粪腐解更易促进C_(HA)的形成,使其增加30.5%。在各处理下,物料HA分子均先发生降解、脂族化,而后逐渐缩合、芳香化,但HA分子结构仍趋于简单;在促进HA分子脂族化方面,Rd4处理的优势最大,而Dm处理更有利于HA结构的稳定。Rd3处理在促进腐殖质品质方面的贡献最大,其次为Rd1处理,Dm和Rs处理次之,但Rd2和Rd5处理不利于腐殖质品质的改善;Rs、Rd1、Rd2、Rd3和Rd4处理在腐解过程中更有利于C_(Hu)的分解,且Rd3处理的优势最大,使C_(Hu)含量下降91.0%,而牛粪比例≥90%更有助于C_(Hu)的累积。【结论】稻草与牛粪按照质量比5∶5混合腐解,易促进C_(Hu)的分解和C_(HA)的积累,利于腐殖质品质提升。     

秸秆沼气集中供气工程运行管理维护研究

文章针对凤凰村秸秆沼气集中供气工程运行管理维护中存在的问题,进行分析并提出了相应的解决办法,为今后秸秆沼气集中供气工程建设及运营提供经验和借鉴。     

农户资本禀赋、感知价值与秸秆收集受偿意愿——基于湖北黄冈的微观调研数据

为探究农户资本禀赋、感知价值对其秸秆收集受偿意愿的影响及作用机制,基于布迪厄社会实践理论构建分析框架,利用湖北省黄冈市秸秆综合利用重点县684份农户调查数据,使用二元Logit和OLS模型实证分析农户资本禀赋、感知价值对其秸秆收集受偿意愿的影响。结果表明：1）愿意参与秸秆收集生态补偿的农户占总样本的90.35%,其最小受偿额度平均值为791.45元/hm2;2）资本禀赋对农户秸秆收集生态补偿参与意愿有显著正向影响,对受偿额度有显著负向影响;3）感知价值对农户秸秆收集生态补偿参与意愿和受偿额度均有显著正向影响;4）感知价值在资本禀赋与秸秆收集生态补偿参与意愿之间具有中介效应,中介效应量为0.289;感知价值在资本禀赋与秸秆收集受偿额度之间具有遮掩效应,遮掩效应量为0.225。因此,为鼓励农户的秸秆收集行为,应加快完善秸秆收集生态补偿措施并分层分阶段推进,多渠道提升农户资本禀赋的同时提高农户对秸秆收集行为的感知价值。     

Application of crop growth simulation and mathematical modeling to supply chain management in the Thai sugar industry

The poorly integrated cane supply planning between mills and cane growers in the Northeast of Thailand generates an excess of cane supplies that exceeds the mills’ capacity during the peak of harvest season. Each grower individually determines his/her cultivation plan by selecting planting dates and cultivars based on one’s own preference without taking into account the individual mill’s capacity and other growers’ plans. This situation causes most sugarcane grown in this area to reach its mature stage at the same period. In this study, we propose a framework of cultivation planning to cope with the problem. The focus of the cultivation plan is a long-term plan to determine the cultivation time, the cultivar selection and the corresponding prospective harvesting time window for each field such that overall sugar production is optimized.The crop growth model and a mathematical model are employed for yield simulation and optimization task. The crop growth model enables decision-makers to visualize cane production of each individual field at different dates with different cultivars and allow decision-makers to apply the mathematical programming to cultivation planning. The suggested framework has the potential to increase sugar production by 23% when compared to the traditional method.     

Integrated effect of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation on yield, water saving and water productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Indian Punjab: Field and simulation study

Individual effect of different field scale management interventions for water saving in rice viz. changing date of transplanting, cultivar and irrigation schedule on yield, water saving and water productivity is well documented in the literature. However, little is known about their integrated effect. To study that, field experimentation and modeling approach was used. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years (2006 and 2007) at Punjab Agricultural University Farm, Ludhiana on a deep alluvial loamy sand Typic Ustipsamment soils developed under hyper-thermic regime. Treatments included three dates of transplanting (25 May, 10 June and 25 June), two cultivars (PR 118 inbred and RH 257 hybrid) and two irrigation schedules (2-days drainage period and at soil water suction of 16 kPa). The model used was CropSyst, which has already been calibrated for growth (periodic biomass and LAI) of rice and soil water content in two independent experiments. The main findings of the field and simulation studies conducted are compared to any individual, integrated management of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation, sustained yield (6.3-7.5 t ha⁻¹) and saved substantial amount of water in rice. For example, with two management interventions, i.e. shifting of transplanting date to lower evaporative demand (from 5 May to 25 June) concomitant with growing of short duration hybrid variety (90 days from transplanting to harvest), the total real water saving (wet saving) through reduction in evapotranspiration (ET) was 140 mm, which was almost double than managing the single, i.e. 66 mm by shifting transplanting or 71 mm by growing short duration hybrid variety. Shifting the transplanting date saved water through reduction in soil water evaporation component while growing of short duration variety through reduction in both evaporation and transpiration components of water balance. Managing irrigation water schedule based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, compared to 2-day drainage, did not save water in real (wet saving), however, it resulted into apparent water saving (dry saving). The real crop water productivity (marketable yield/ET) was more by 17% in 25th June transplanted rice than 25th May, 23% in short duration variety than long and 2% in irrigation treatment of 16 kPa soil water suction than 2-days drainage. The corresponding values for the apparent crop water productivity (marketable yield/irrigation water applied) were 16, 20 and 50%, respectively. Pooled experimental data of 2 years showed that with managing irrigation scheduling based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, though 700 mm irrigation water was saved but the associated yield was reduced by 277 kg ha⁻¹.     

造粒用秸秆粉碎机的研究与开发

本粉碎机特别设计有一个揉搓壳和一个粉碎机壳及一个风机。物料(如秸秆)经揉搓机壳内的切刀铡切成段后,在机壳内锤片和齿条的作用下,变成条状的物料,较轻的粉末被风机气流吸到粉碎机壳内,进一步在锤片与环形筛片的作用下,撞击粉碎。通过安装不同孔径的筛片获得不同规格的产品,该机由于安装了防缠绕架板,避免了秸秆缠绕在轴上的可能,并且采用了特殊圆齿形的长锤片,使得工作效率得到了提高。工作时风机在机壳内形成负压,使得物料可以分轻重不同,不断地向出口处流动,风通过360°的环形筛片,产生了不糊筛片的效果,特别适合将东北地区的玉米秸秆粉碎成适合生物质燃料的原料。     

秸秆粉碎还田回收机性能试验

在棉田对秸秆粉碎还田回收机进行机具性能试验,选定留茬高度、秸秆粉碎长度和抛送距离作为主要的性能指标,通过一系列正交试验和理论分析,用直观分析法和方差分析法揭示了影响秸秆粉碎还田机性能的主要因素.与实际生产相结合,确定了最优的参数组合,即秸秆粉碎还田回收机在刀辊的转速为1800 r/min,粉碎机具前进速度为5.4 km/h,甩刀刀刃离地最小间隙为8cm.实验结果表明,机具有较优的性能指标,为整机的设计研究提供了理论依据.     

水压式沼气产生器的破壳装置

沼气产生过程就是一个物质与能量多重循环利用的过程,在此过程中水压式沼气产生器存在沼液结壳现象,影响产气效果.为此,在水压式沼气产生器的工作原理基础上,对破壳原理进行了研究,设计了风力机械搅拌自动破壳装置.试验结果表明,此破壳装置有较好的破壳效果.     

我国秸秆人造板工业的发展现状及前景展望

分析了我国发展农作物秸秆人造板工业的必要性和可行性,概述了我国秸秆人造板工业的发展现状及发展过程中应注意的问题,并对我国秸秆人造板工业的发展前景进行了分析和展望,认为我国的秸秆人造板工业发展前景广阔,并将进入一个快速发展时期.