我国部分省份秸秆利用情况调查

为了解我国秸秆资源利用情况,通过实地考察、问卷、走访等形式,对我国部分省份的秸秆品种、产量及其利用情况进行了调查。结果表明:在调查的省份内,农民因为受到时间、经济等因素的影响,焚烧和废弃是处理秸秆的首选方法。农民愿意接受新能源,促进秸秆再利用。我国秸秆利用途径不多,方法陈旧。受调查人员中有96.6%对秸秆新能源利用持支持态度,80%受调查人员希望能综合利用秸秆,减少环境污染。最后综合调查结果提出合理利用秸秆的建议。     

CO_2浓度增加对C_3、C_4作物生理特性影响的实验研究

通过对 C3小麦、大豆、大白菜和 C4 玉米在不同 CO2 浓度 ( 350× 10 -5、 50 0× 10 -6、 60 0×10 -6、 70 0× 10 -6)条件下的生长模拟实验和生理特性研究表明 ,CO2 浓度增加 ,促使作物光合速率增长 ,光合时间略有延长 ,光补偿点明显下降 ,蒸腾系数减小 ,叶气温差增大 ,叶温升高。 70 0× 10 -6和50 0× 10 -6比 350× 10 -6小麦光合速率分别增长 30 .7%和 11.7% ,大豆增长 63.4 %和 4 2 .7% ,大白菜增长 68.0 %和 39.0 % ,玉米增长 15.7%和 4 .7% ,C3作物比 C4 反应明显 ;蒸腾系数小麦下降 14.3%和 7.7% ,大白菜下降 2 7.1%和 2 3.1% ,玉米下降 16.8%和 10 .4 %     

Crop yield and grain quality of emmer populations grown in central Italy, as affected by nitrogen fertilization

The increasing demand for traditional and natural foods has renewed the interest in hulled wheat species. Among these, Triticum dicoccum Schübler has survived in Italy only in a few hilly and mountainous areas of central and southern Italy. As a rule, emmer is cultivated in marginal areas with organic farming procedures that use very low N inputs, since this wild species is characterised by low yield, long and weak culms that easily lodge under windy conditions. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information on crop productivity and N effect for this crop. Research was carried out to study the effect of cultivation year (2004 and 2005), plant origin (Garfagnana, Leonessa and Molise) and N dressing (N₀, N₃₀, N₆₀ and N₉₀ kg ha⁻¹) on crop yield and grain quality of emmer grown in south-central Italy. Fertilizer was split at seeding, tillering and stem elongation. Tested parameters were highly influenced either by crop origin or N application (biomass, hulled and threshed grain yield, spikes m⁻², spikelets per spike, kernel weight, plant height, lodging, kernel ash and proteins). Several parameters augmented as fertilization rate increased (hulled and unhulled grain yield, biomass accumulation, spikes m⁻², kernels m⁻², protein content); 1000-kernel weight showed an opposite trend and in some cases no differences were noticed among fertilized treatments (plant height and spikelets per spike). Molise was the most productive population, closely followed by Garfagnana. The present research rejected some common belief that emmer has to be grown without N dressing, and crop undergoes lodging in marginal mountainous areas. Besides, grain yield of N₉₀ and N₆₀ treated emmer was only 6 and 18% lower compared to the five most important durum wheat varieties cultivated in the same area, suggesting emmer as a possible alternative crop to durum wheat in marginal areas of Mediterranean-type agro-ecosystems.     

成膜保水剂增强土壤保水能力研究

成膜保水剂是一种新型土壤改良剂,通过试验发现:0 2%PAA低浓度的成膜保水剂对大多数作物种子的发芽产生促进作用,可提高作物种子的发芽率;0 2%、0 4%PAA浓度的成膜保水剂对玉米的生长有促进作用。酸碱环境不同成膜保水剂在土壤中的成膜深度不同,酸性越强成膜越浅,而且,具有较好的防渗效果。成膜保水剂对土壤的保水性能有较大改善,尤其对20cm土壤耕层的效果更为明显,田间持水量比对照相对增长达27 5%。生产上应针对不同作物采用不同浓度和pH的成膜保水剂。     

2011年秋季连阴雨对周口市作物生长影响及对策

利用周口市夏玉米、大豆、棉花定点观测地段数据,结合大田调查情况,分析2011年9月5～20日周口市连阴雨对该市作物生长的影响情况,并提出生产建议。结果表明,此次连阴雨伴随低温寡照不利天气条件,此时周口市秋作物正处于产量形成的关键时期,秋季连阴雨不利于作物光合作用和灌浆进行,造成玉米出现早衰、百粒重下降、产量下降、收获期推迟,大豆产量稍受影响、发育期推迟,棉花品质较差、产量较低、发育期受影响较小。针对此次过程的影响结合周口市当地的实际,提出相应的对策,以期对以后的秋季连阴雨天气的防范工作有所帮助。     

Simulating the effects of tax exemptions on fertiliser use in Benin by linking biophysical and economic models

The sluggish increase in the area productivity of staple crops is a major factor causing increased dependence of African countries on food imports. The increased use of mineral fertiliser may dramatically improve the food balance of many countries and result in lower food prices, higher food supply and consumption, and improved food security and nutritional status. In Benin, West Africa, political measures to improve farmers’ access to fertiliser are biased in favour of cotton production. This article simulates the impact of universal tax exemptions for fertiliser use on crop yields, food balances, and the use of land resources for the most important staple crops in Benin using a crop growth model and an agricultural sector model. The simulation results indicate that tax exemptions on fertiliser use could have positive effects on physical productivity and would increase food security until 2025 as compared to a baseline scenario. At the same time, the pressure on land resources would not be aggravated, so that better access to fertiliser may help to curb excessive cropland expansion in Benin.     

风险条件下设施农业生产决策

设施农业是我国农业发展的重要内容,也是我国农业资源高效利用的重要生产模式。在我国设施农业快速发展的同时,其生产决策表现出科学性不足,主要体现为存在明显的盲目性和随意性。构建了农作物组合优化决策模型,采用贪心算法,以最大经济效益为目标,综合考虑风险以及作物轮作等因素,得出了最优生产决策组合方案;通过与优化前种植方案的比较,表明采用决策模型所获得方案的利润有所增加,且全年承担风险更加平稳。因此,对以企业方式进行生产的设施农业单位,可以通过优化组合生产计划,实现经济效益的增加,进而提高生产者的生产积极性和产品的市场竞争力。     

作物长势监测的应用研究现状与展望

讨论了各种植物长势监测的方法、原理、监测指标、优缺点及其研究进展,指出目前几种监测方法的一些局限性。并提出将几种监测方法有机结合起来从而弥补各自的不足的建议,最后分析了植物长势监测技术研究的发展趋势。     

低温胁迫对作物生理生化的影响及抗低温助剂的研发

基于农业生产中低温对农作物造成的巨大经济损失,该文综述了低温对作物生理生化的影响和抗低温助剂的研发。     

核盘菌一些生理性状的观察

用８科１５种作物秸秆培养核盘菌所产生的菌核数量和消耗比差异很大，不同秸秆产生的菌核萌发情况也不尽相同。此外，菜瓜上产生的菌核在５～３０℃范围内均可萌发，萌发适宜温度为 ５～１５℃ ，以 １０℃ 最为适宜；菌核萌发产生子囊盘与光照强度关系密切，３００ ｌｘ时不产生子囊盘，５００ ｌｘ时菌核萌发后 １０ ｄ产生子囊盘率为 ５８． ８％，７６０ ｌｘ时菌核萌发后 ７ｄ产生子囊盘率为１００％。