Integrated effect of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation on yield, water saving and water productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Indian Punjab: Field and simulation study

Individual effect of different field scale management interventions for water saving in rice viz. changing date of transplanting, cultivar and irrigation schedule on yield, water saving and water productivity is well documented in the literature. However, little is known about their integrated effect. To study that, field experimentation and modeling approach was used. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years (2006 and 2007) at Punjab Agricultural University Farm, Ludhiana on a deep alluvial loamy sand Typic Ustipsamment soils developed under hyper-thermic regime. Treatments included three dates of transplanting (25 May, 10 June and 25 June), two cultivars (PR 118 inbred and RH 257 hybrid) and two irrigation schedules (2-days drainage period and at soil water suction of 16 kPa). The model used was CropSyst, which has already been calibrated for growth (periodic biomass and LAI) of rice and soil water content in two independent experiments. The main findings of the field and simulation studies conducted are compared to any individual, integrated management of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation, sustained yield (6.3-7.5 t ha⁻¹) and saved substantial amount of water in rice. For example, with two management interventions, i.e. shifting of transplanting date to lower evaporative demand (from 5 May to 25 June) concomitant with growing of short duration hybrid variety (90 days from transplanting to harvest), the total real water saving (wet saving) through reduction in evapotranspiration (ET) was 140 mm, which was almost double than managing the single, i.e. 66 mm by shifting transplanting or 71 mm by growing short duration hybrid variety. Shifting the transplanting date saved water through reduction in soil water evaporation component while growing of short duration variety through reduction in both evaporation and transpiration components of water balance. Managing irrigation water schedule based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, compared to 2-day drainage, did not save water in real (wet saving), however, it resulted into apparent water saving (dry saving). The real crop water productivity (marketable yield/ET) was more by 17% in 25th June transplanted rice than 25th May, 23% in short duration variety than long and 2% in irrigation treatment of 16 kPa soil water suction than 2-days drainage. The corresponding values for the apparent crop water productivity (marketable yield/irrigation water applied) were 16, 20 and 50%, respectively. Pooled experimental data of 2 years showed that with managing irrigation scheduling based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, though 700 mm irrigation water was saved but the associated yield was reduced by 277 kg ha⁻¹.     

论农作物病虫灾害的应对管理——基于黏虫大发生的思考

在介绍2012年我国北方玉米黏虫灾害情况的基础上,论述了黏虫的迁飞习性和为害特点,分析了虫灾发生的客观条件与人为因素、并由此提出明确责任、建立病虫灾害救助基金、重塑化学防治地位、允许民事责任追究等管理农作物病虫灾害的建议.     

西藏地区青稞籽粒营养品质分析及评价

为探明西藏地区青稞品种间的性状差异及性状间的相关性,筛选优异品质青稞种质,以251个西藏青稞种质资源为材料,测定了籽粒淀粉、粗蛋白、β-葡聚糖、γ-氨基丁酸、大量元素（Ca、P）、微量元素（Fe、Zn、Se）含量共9个品质指标,分析了被测指标间关系。结果表明,所测定的9项品质指标在供试种质资源间均存在不同程度的差异,淀粉含量的变异系数最小,Se含量的变异系数最大;粗蛋白与淀粉含量呈极显著负相关（r= -0.54）,粗蛋白与γ-氨基丁酸、Ca、P、Zn、Fe含量均呈极显著正相关。对被测指标进行主成分分析发现,可将9项品质指标简化成3个主成分,其累积方差贡献率为74.5%,其中第一主成分因子的贡献率达到了 48.0%,第一主成分中因子载荷量大的品质指标是Zn、P、Ca、粗蛋白、γ-氨基丁酸、淀粉、Fe含量。综合评价筛选出10个营养品质较高的种质,分别为BJX152、BJX008、BJX149、BJX004、BJX003、BJX015、BJX005、藏青2000、BJX227、喜马拉22号。     

Crop management effects on soil carbon sequestration on selected farmers’ fields in northeastern Ohio

Soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is the largest among terrestrial pools. The restoration of SOC pool in arable lands represents a potential sink for atmospheric CO₂. Restorative management of SOC includes using organic manures, adopting legume-based crop rotations, and converting plow till to a conservation till system. A field study was conducted to analyze soil properties on two farms located in Geauga and Stark Counties in northeastern Ohio, USA. Soil bulk density decreased with increase in SOC pool for a wide range of management systems. In comparison with wooded control, agricultural fields had a lower SOC pool in the 0–30 cm depth. In Geauga County, the SOC pool decreased by 34% in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in a complex rotation with manuring and 51% in unmanured continuous corn (Zea mays L.). In Stark County, the SOC pool decreased by 32% in a field systematically amended with poultry manure and 40% in the field receiving only chemical fertilizers. In comparison with continuous corn, the rate of SOC sequestration in Geauga County was 379 kg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in no-till corn (2 years) previously in hay (12 years), 760 kg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in a complex crop rotation receiving manure and chemical fertilizers, and 355 kg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ without manuring. The rate of SOC sequestration was 392 kg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ on manured field in Stark County.     

农田长期生态过程的长期试验研究进展与展望

长期试验是研究农田长期生态过程及其环境效应和调控措施的重要手段.本文综述了国际上重要农业长期试验的研究发展趋势,分析了农业长期试验的重要作用,然后分析了国内农业长期试验网的发展现状,提出了未来发展的建议.农业长期试验的发展主要表现在长期农业生态和环境过程的研究领域不断扩展、长期试验成为多学科交叉研究平台和应用研究平台.国内建立了两个主要的农业长期试验网络,重点开展了水分和养分的长期试验.目前农业长期试验网络需要在区域尺度上加强农业、环境和生物科学的交叉研究;扩展试验地面积,完善试验设计;完善分析测试方法和样品、数据的保存系统.国家需要制定和实施稳定农业长期试验研究的管理和经费支持政策.     

云南玉米需水规律及灌溉效应的试验研究

基于玉米苗期控水试验和玉米需水量田间试验，分析研究了土壤含水量和灌溉对出苗率、成活率、有效株数和玉米产量经济性状的影响，得到了云南玉米生长季内各月平均日需水量和玉米作物系数。研究认为，苗期灌溉或降水条件好能确保基本的有效株数，促进营养生长；在光照条件好但干旱缺水年份，灌溉的增产效益十分突出；但在干旱缺水影响较小的条件下，玉米灌溉的增产效益并不显著。     

河西灌漠土钾素状况及当季施肥效应

多点调查表明，河西灌漠土全钾比70年代末平均降低了24.4%，速效钾平均下降了41.2%。剖面分布为：耕作层全钾平均为1.30%，20～60cm土层平均1.27%～1.38%，底土平均1.26%；缓效钾平均为946～1 006mg/kg，剖面差异不大；速效钾 0～20cm土层为145mg/kg，20～100cm平均101～114mg/kg。春小麦、玉米、甜菜、洋芋单作当季施钾均无明显增产效应；带田玉米施化学钾肥增产8.5%，施土粪增产9.7%～11.3%，但增效不稳定。     

RAPD Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Yunjie(Eruca sativa Mill.) in China

Genetic diversity of Yunjie (Eruca sativa Mill. ) in China was assessed by analyses of RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers. Twenty native cultivars representing Yunjie-growing ecotypes in China were selected as material in this study. Twelve out of the 64 tested random decamer primers were able to identify 131 stable RAPD bands from these Yunjie cultivars. Of them 105 bands, or 80.15% of the total, were polymorphic. Most Yunjie cultivars from the same ecotype had their characteristic DNA bands.Cluster analysis by unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) suggested that the 20 Yunjie genotypes could be divided into four groups. The genetic distances among the 20 cultivars varied from 0. 117 8between Shuozhou and Shenchi to 0. 499 4 between Hetian and Xiliang. Hetian alone could be a new type of Yunjie identified in China because it had the greatest genetic distance from all the other tested cultivars. These results indicate that Chinese Yunjie have abundant genetic diversity. Classification of Chinese Yunjie based on the RAPD information was in good agreement with the relationships between these Yunjie cultivars in their geographic origins and their plant morphology.     

我国农作物病虫害化学防控技术的社会成本分析

农作物病虫害化学防控技术的负外部效应产生了环境和社会成本。评价化学防控技术的社会成本,具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。本文分析了农作物病虫害化学防控技术社会成本产生的原因与类别,指出农药中毒、接触农药导致的慢性疾病、农产品农药残留超标、农药包装废弃物回收处理、农药及农药残留管理行政事业费用、农药市场检测和监控、农药残留检测和监控是主要的社会成本类别。初步分析了各类别社会成本的经济影响额度,测算出我国使用化学农药防控农作物病虫害的所产生的社会成本至少在11.72～87.74元/kg(折百)。     

生物有机肥在农业生产中的作用及发展趋势

本文叙述了生物有机肥在提高作物产量和改善农产品品质,改良土壤和提高土壤肥力以及减少植物病虫害的发生,降低环境污染等方面的作用,阐明了生物有机肥研究中存在的问题,并且简单探讨了生物有机肥的发展方向。