试论总要素生产率的分析方法

在多种关于总要素生产率动态值的计算方法中，本文赞同指数法，并认为这种方法是在利用劳动报酬作为劳动投入量的测度之后最简单而又具有可操作性的方法。在此基础上，本文将总要素生产率的变化分解为要素效率与结构效率两部分。     

Reduced dietary lysine enhances proportion of oxidative fibers in porcine skeletal muscle

The present study was conducted to elucidate the effects of dietary lysine levels on the proportion of oxidative muscle fibers in porcine muscle. Two 6-week-old barrows from each of five litters were used. Each littermate was assigned to one of two diets, control (lysine content: 1.16%) or low lysine (LL) diet (lysine content: 0.73%). The diets were iso-energetic and iso-protein, and contained all essential amino acids (apart from lysine) in the recommended amounts. The pigs were fed these diets for 3 weeks. Citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.4) activity in longissimus dorsi and rhomboideus muscles was higher in the LL group ( P  < 0.05). In both muscles, pigs fed the LL diet had a higher proportion of muscle fiber with activities of reduced nicotinic amide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.5.3, P  < 0.01). The abundance of mRNA of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α in rhomboideus muscle was higher in the LL group ( P  < 0.05), and those of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 were higher in both longissimus dorsi and rhomboideus muscles in the LL group ( P  < 0.05). We conclude that reduced intake of dietary lysine enhances proportion of oxidative muscle fiber, and hence oxidative capacity of porcine muscle.     

瓜尔豆胶作为饲料添加剂在推水养殖模式下氮磷收支

本试验旨在研究对比添加0.3%的瓜尔豆胶饲料(DJ)及普通饲料(PT)在推水养殖模式下的氮磷收支和养殖效果。试验期为120 d。结果表明,在推水养殖模式下,两种饲料对鱼类生长均无显著影响。且添加瓜尔豆胶还能减少氮磷排放量,减轻对养殖水体的污染。对比两个池塘,在氮磷输入方面,饲料是主要来源,PT输入氮286.88 kg、输入磷74.25 kg,分别占总输入的76.0%、88%;DJ输入氮290.94 kg、输入磷86.41 kg,分别占总输入的74%、88%。PT通过鱼输入氮87.0 kg、输入磷8.38 kg,分别占总输入的23%、10%;DJ通过鱼输出氮96.8 kg、输入磷7.36 kg,分别占总输入的25%、8%。而在氮磷输出方面,PT吸排污输出氮141.5 kg、输出磷47.35 kg,分别占总输出的40%和60%。DJ吸排污输出氮189.57 kg、输出磷63.13 kg,分别占总输出的60%和76%,在吸排污方面,两组之间差异显著(P <0.05)。可以看出添加瓜尔豆胶后会明显改善饲料及肠道排泄物在水中的稳定性,降低对环境的污染。试验结束后通过肠道切片观察养殖周期投喂饲料对肠道组织是否有影响。通过观察饲料对肠道的损伤情况,可以看出,喂食两种饲料的鱼肠道均呈现完好状态,前肠绒毛形状完整,整齐地伸入肠腔内,未发现绒毛破损、肿胀、脱落、表皮细胞水肿充血等症状。     

饲粮纤维对畜禽肠道调控研究进展

近年来由于抗生素的滥用,导致有害菌定植增加,影响畜禽的生长生产。探寻新的抗生素替代品来调节畜禽肠道微生物区系和维持肠道健康显得非常重要。纤维曾被视为畜禽饲粮中的一种抗营养因子,但适宜的饲粮纤维可有效改善畜禽肠道健康。本文从肠道营养功能、肠道屏障功能两个方面概述饲粮纤维对畜禽肠道调控的影响,以促进饲粮纤维在畜禽生产中被合理有效的利用。     

Net energy of oat bran,wheat bran,and palm kernel expellers fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry

The objectives of this experiment were to (a) determine the effects of fiber increase in diets on heat production (HP), (b) determine the net energy (NE) of oat bran (OB), wheat bran (WB), and palm kernel expellers (PKE) fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry (IC). Twenty‐four growing barrows (29.2 ± 2.6 kg) were randomly allotted to one of four diets with six replicate pigs per diet. Diets included a corn‐soybean meal basal diet and three test diets containing 30% OB, WB or PKE, respectively. During each period, pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 20 days, including 14 days to adapt to the diets. On day (d) 15, pigs were transferred to the open‐circuit respiration chambers for determination of daily total HP and were fed one of the four diets at 2.3MJ ME/kg body weight (BW)^0.6/day. Total feces and urine were collected for the determination of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and daily total HP was measured from d 15 to d 19 and fasted on day 20 for the measurement of fasting heat production (FHP). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and organic matter (OM) were greater (p < 0.01) in pigs fed the basal diet compared with those fed the test diets. The ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was lower (p < 0.01) in pigs fed the WB diet compared with those fed the basal, OB, or PKE diets. The ATTD of ether extract (EE) in pigs fed the PKE diet was greater (p < 0.01) compared with those fed the other diets. The average total HP and FHP in pigs fed the four diets were 1261 and 787 kJ/kg BW^0.6/d, respectively, and were not significantly affected by diet characteristics. The NE:ME ratio for diets ranged from 78.1 to 80.9%. The NE contents of OB, WB, and PKE were 10.93, 7.47, and 8.71 MJ/kg DM, respectively.     

可消化纤维替代蛋白质对肉兔生长性能、能量和氮平衡及盲肠内容物组分的影响

文章旨在研究日粮不同可消化纤维与蛋白质比例对肉兔生长性能、能量和氮平衡及盲肠内容物组分的影响。试验选择32 d断奶的肉兔120只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复5只。试验日粮分为4种,日粮可消化纤维与蛋白质比例分别为1.0(处理1组)、1.15(处理2组)、1.35(处理3组)和1.55(处理4组),试验共进行6周。结果 :处理3、4组较处理1、2组显著提高中性洗涤的表观消化系数(P <0.05),较处理1组显著提高了酸性洗涤纤维和粗纤维表观消化系数(P <0.05)。处理1组半纤维素表观消化系数最低(P <0.05),但可消化蛋白质和蛋能比最高(P <0.05)。处理1组较其他三组显著提高了氮的摄入量(P <0.05),处理3、4组较处理1组显著提高了能量沉积系数(P <0.05),日龄和日粮对尿氮排泄量和氮沉积量的影响具有显著交互效应(P <0.05)。处理1组较处理4组显著提高了盲肠内容物干物质含量(P <0.05)。结论 :日粮采用高比例可消化纤维替代蛋白质可以降低肉兔生长后期粪氨气和尿氮排泄量,提高氮沉积量。     

不同比例全株玉米青贮饲粮对生长育肥猪生产性能、抗氧化和空肠ghrelin分布和表达的影响

本试验是在国家"粮改饲"的大背景下,旨在研究不同比例全株玉米青贮饲粮对生长育肥猪生产性能、血清和肝脏抗氧化以及空肠ghrelin分布和表达的影响。选取胎次、体质量相近(33.16±3.49)kg的生长育肥猪(杜×长×大)32头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理8个重复。对照组(SC0)饲喂基础饲粮,营养水平参照NY/T65-2004瘦肉型猪标准供给,20～60 kg生长猪试验组分别为20%(ESC20),30%(ESC30),40%(ESC40)发酵青贮全株玉米饲粮,使干物质基础上的营养水平分别为对照组的98%、96%,94%,使4个处理的粗纤维水平分别为3.0%,3.5%,4.0%,4.5%。60～100 kg育肥猪试验组分别为40%(LSC40),50%(LSC50),60%(LSC60)发酵青贮全株玉米饲粮,使干物质基础上营养水平分别为对照组的97%,94%,91%,使4个处理的粗纤维水平分别为3.0%,4.0%,5.0%,5.5%,各处理饲粮干物质基础养分含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。预饲期7 d,正式期98 d。结果表明,随着饲粮全株玉米比例的增加,生长育肥猪的末质量、平均日增质量(ADG)、血清铜蓝蛋白(CER)、空肠ghrelin阳性反应累积光密度(IOD)和空肠ghrelin mRNA相对表达量均呈线性降低(P<0.05),而新鲜基础采食量(ADFI)、日粗纤维采食量(ADCFI)、干物质采食量(ADDFI)和料质量比均呈线性升高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,ESC20/LSC40和ESC30/LSC50全株玉米处理组的生产性能、血清和肝脏抗氧化以及空肠ghrelin的表达均差异不显著(P>0.05);但是,ESC40/LSC60全株玉米处理组的末质量、ADG、CER、空肠ghrelin阳性反应累积光密度和空肠ghrelin mRNA相对表达量均显著降低(P<0.05)。新鲜全株玉米可用作生长育肥猪的低营养水平饲粮配制,并能保障生产性能,改善猪的健康状况。生长猪适宜的全株青贮玉米使用比例为20%～30%,育肥猪适宜的使用比例为全株青贮玉米40%～50%。此结果为国家"粮改饲"政策的实施及全株保鲜玉米在猪生产上的应用提供了理论依据。     

Net energy content of five fiber‐rich ingredients fed to pregnant sows

The present study was conducted to determine the net energy (NE) values and energy efficiency of wheat bran (WB), sugar beet pulp (SBP), corn gluten feed (CGF), soybean hulls (SBH), and defatted rice bran (DFRB) fed to pregnant sows. Thirty‐six multiparous pregnant sows were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment. Each period lasted for 21 days including 14 days for adaptation. On day 15, sows were moved into respiration chambers for heat production (HP) measurement and provided feed at 544 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day. On day 20, sows were fasted to measure the fasting heat production (FHP). Experimental diets included corn‐soybean meal basal diet and five diets containing 29.20% WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB, respectively. Results showed that inclusion of WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB to basal diet decreased (p < 0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients. The average adjusted total HP and FHP were 418 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day and 326 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day, respectively. The average NE:ME ratio of experiment diets was 82.5%. In conclusion, the NE values of WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB were 9.05, 8.59, 8.37, 7.64, and 7.93 MJ/kg DM, respectively.     

饲粮物理有效纤维与谷物瘤胃可降解淀粉平衡影响奶牛咀嚼活动和养分表观消化率

饲粮物理有效纤维是一个兼顾物理特性和化学特性表达饲粮纤维营养价值的指标,它对奶牛咀嚼活动、瘤胃功能、机体健康状态等具有重要作用。谷物中含有的瘤胃可降解淀粉是微生物合成菌体蛋白的主要能量来源。饲粮物理有效纤维与谷物瘤胃可降解淀粉之间存在一定的平衡关系。本文对饲粮物理有效纤维和瘤胃可降解淀粉以及二者的组合效应对奶牛咀嚼活动和表观消化率的影响进行了综述,以期进一步加深对饲粮碳水化合物的平衡关系的理解。     

The Genetic Research Progress of Fiber and Wool Quality in Cashmere Goat

Fiber and wool quality not only affects the economic benefits of cashmere goat breeding, but also affects the quality of wool textiles. In recent years, fluff quality has declined with cashmere yield improvement. In order to improve production efficiency, improving fluff quality is imperative in the production process. At the same time, fiber and wool quality is important parameters of selection in breeding of goats. The main traits of controlling the fluff quality are quantitative traits. It can be to find the number of main effect genes by quantitative genetics and molecular genetics and to study its growth mechanism and gene expression. In this review, we summarize the recent achievements of the quality of cashmere, including the use of phenotypic select to improve the quality of the fluff and finding the genetics of controlling the quality of cashmere, for example, HOX,BMP,KAP genes and pigments, and beginning to find the corresponding control target trait QTL and different sequences of SNPs by GWAS analysis to improve the quality by genotype selection, in order to improve the quality of cashmere and provide reference to study the cashmere quality of genetic factors for later research.