玉米秸秆汁土壤改良剂对黄绵土抗侵蚀能力的影响

改良土壤物理性质是提高土壤抗侵蚀能力的主要途径之一。通过人工模拟降雨试验、风蚀试验和野外原位观测试验,研究了不同玉米秸秆汁土壤改良剂喷施方式下黄绵土抗侵蚀能力的改良效果,探讨了玉米秸秆汁防治土壤侵蚀的机理。结果表明,玉米秸秆汁能有效防治黄绵土的水蚀和风蚀。在模拟降雨条件下,喷施玉米秸秆汁的试验处理,黄绵土溅蚀量较对照处理降低24.7%~78.3%,黄土坡面的径流量和片蚀量分别降低40.0%~43.3%和20.9%~34.5%;在天然降雨条件下,无论是短历时低强度或长历时低强度的降雨类型,还是短历时高强度的降雨类型,喷施玉米秸秆汁的试验处理,黄土坡面的径流量和片蚀量较对照处理明显减少,二者的减少幅度分别介于26.3%~62.1%和58.3%~72.0%之间;在不同风速下,玉米秸秆汁可使黄绵土的风蚀量降低24.5%~64.6%。此外,喷施玉米秸秆汁后的静置时间及翻耕与否对不同类型的侵蚀也有重要影响。喷施玉米秸秆汁可有效提高黄绵土的抗剪强度、硬度及大团聚体的百分含量,从而降低土壤侵蚀量。施用玉米秸秆汁后,黄绵土静水崩解量降低了97.4%~98.5%、土壤抗剪强度增加了97.9%~140.0%、土壤硬度增加了11.4%~127.5%;0.25 mm团聚体降低了46.9%~51.6%;2 mm团聚体增加了88.1%~129.7%。玉米秸秆汁是一种良好的防治坡面水蚀和风蚀的土壤改良剂,在施用玉米秸秆汁时,应尽量一次喷施完毕并避免人为土壤扰动。     

生物有机肥对宁夏盐碱地土壤养分和生物学特性的影响

为了探讨生物有机肥施用对宁夏引黄灌区盐碱地土壤化学和微生物特性的影响,明确生物有机肥的最佳施用量及施肥模式,以田间连续4年定位试验为依托,研究了生物有机肥施用量0(CK)、4.5(T1)、9.0(T2)、13.5 t/hm²(T3)及生物有机肥9.0 t/hm²配施无机化肥N 360 kg/hm²(T4)对盐碱地土壤养分含量、酶活性、微生物生物量、微生物群落碳源代谢活性及多样性和玉米产量的影响。结果表明:(1)施用生物有机肥可明显降低土壤p H和全盐含量,土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性随着生物有机肥施用量增加呈递增趋势,且在T2处理基础上增施无机化肥可显著增加土壤速效钾含量14.73%;(2)土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性及多样性指数均随着生物有机肥施用量的增加而增加, T3处理土壤培养192 h时AWCD值为0.84,经Tukey检验分析, Shannon和Mcintosh指数较CK处理分别增加10.11%和62.67%;(3)随着生物有机肥施用量增加,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量呈递增趋势,各处理平均分别比CK处理增加66....     

Interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia: Effects on flax yield in spoil‐bank clay

This study focused on the application of native strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Sinorhizobium in effective crop production during reclamation of coal‐mine spoil banks. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in spoil‐bank clay with a low dose of organic amendment to determine whether the microbial inoculation improves growth and utility qualities of two cultivars of Linum usitatissimum L. (oil and fiber flax). Inoculation with two native AMF isolates (Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices, and their mixture) significantly increased growth and shoot phosphorus (P) concentration of both flax cultivars. Inoculated fiber flax plants produced fivefold more fibers than the uninoculated ones. In oil flax, mycorrhizal inoculation significantly but quantitatively to a minor degree decreased the concentration of nonsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil. A mixture of five native Sinorhizobium sp. strains supported growth and P uptake of oil flax only in the absence of AMF. However, these beneficial effects of the bacteria were significantly lower as compared to AMF. No synergic action of Sinorhizobium strains and AMF was observed, and their interactions were often even antagonistic. Inoculation with AMF significantly decreased population density of Sinorhizobium in the soil. These results suggest that a careful selection of suitable bacterial strains is necessary to provide effective AMF combinations and maximize flax‐growth support.     

Influence of wheat residue management on irrigated corn grain production in a reduced tillage system

Management of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residues for corn (Zea mays L.) planting is an important issue in southern parts of Iran where these two irrigated crops are consecutively grown. Concerns have been raised in recent years over the burning of the crop residues by farmers in these areas. A 2-year (2001–2002) field experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of irrigated corn planted, after burning wheat residues followed by conventional tillage (CT), after residue removal followed by CT, after soil incorporation of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of residue followed by chisel plow, disk harrow, and row crop planter equipped with row cleaner. The CT operations consisted of mollboard plowing followed by two times disk harrowing. Treatments had significant effects on corn grain yield, biological yield, and leaf area index. The highest grain yield (15.73 t ha⁻¹) and grains per ear (709.3) were obtained when 25–50% of wheat residues were soil incorporated and the seeds were sown with planter equipped with row cleaner in both years as compared with conventional tillage practices. It is recommended that complete residue removal or burning should be avoided; hence for successful corn production after wheat, residue management techniques that reduce residue level in the row area should be implemented.     

Using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth

Soil compaction is of great importance in agriculture, because its high levels may adversely affect plant growth and the environment. Since mechanical methods are not very efficient and economical, using biological methods to alleviate the stress of soil compaction on plant growth may be beneficial. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth, and (2) test the hypothesis that applying arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with different origins can partially or completely overcome the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn growth under unsterilized and sterilized conditions. Corn was planted in unsterilized and sterilized compacted soils, while treated with three species of AM including, Iranian Glomus mosseae, Iranian Glomus etunicatum, and Canadian Glomus mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales in vitro Collection), Canada. Plant growth variables and soil resistance parameters were determined. AM significantly increased root fresh (maximum of 94% increase) and dry (maximum of 100% increase) weights in the compacted soil. AM with different origins may improve corn growth in compacted soils, though its effectiveness is related to the level of compaction and also to the interaction with other soil microorganisms.     

草本纤维生物提取菌株分泌的关键酶研究

为研究草本纤维生物提取菌株分泌的关键酶种类和特性,采用经典的DNS法对草本纤维生物提取菌株分泌的果胶酶、甘露聚糖酶和木聚糖酶进行系统分析。结果表明,6 个草本纤维非纤维素降解菌株均能同步产果胶酶、甘露聚糖酶和木聚糖酶;在培养的第9~11 h,菌株CBXW-3 分泌的果胶酶活力最高达123 IU/mL,其次为菌株CBXW-1 的果胶酶活力105 IU/mL;菌株CBXW-4 的甘露聚糖酶活力最高达214.2 IU/mL,其次为菌株CBXW-1 的甘露聚糖酶活力162.1 IU/mL;菌株CBXW-4 的木聚糖酶活力最高为111.4 IU/mL,其次为菌株CBXW-6 的木聚糖酶活力87.6 IU/mL。由此得出,6 个目标菌株分泌的草本纤维非纤维素降解酶系种类丰富,酶活力高,可为阐明草本纤维生物提取机理和开发微生物资源的应用价值提供科学依据。     

日粮中不同比例小麦替代玉米对奶牛氮代谢参数的影响

为研究日粮中不同比例小麦替代玉米对奶牛氮代谢参数的影响,选择8头泌乳天数为84±17 d,体重为569±47 kg的经产中国荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用重复4×4拉丁方设计,分别饲喂含不同比例粉碎小麦（ GW）和粉碎玉米（GC）的日粮,4个处理组分别为（DM基础）：W0组（0％GW＋27．9％GC）,W9．6组（9．6％GW＋19．2％GC）,W19．2组（19．2％GW＋9．6％GC）和W28．8组（28．8％GW＋0％GC）。结果表明：奶牛的产奶量、乳蛋白率和乳蛋白产量未受影响;随着日粮中小麦比例的增加,奶牛的干物质采食量（DMI）呈二次曲线增加趋势（P＝0．07）,牛奶尿素氮（MUN）浓度线性增加（P＜0．01）,且W28．8组显著高于W0和W19．2组（P＜0．01）;粪氮排出量未受日粮影响,尿氮排出量呈线性增加趋势（P＝0．08）;尿氮（P＝0．02）和总排出氮（粪氮＋尿氮）（P＝0．05）占食入氮的比例呈二次曲线降低;尿素氮产量（P＜0．01）及其占总尿氮的比例（P＝0．03）线性增加,且W19．2和W28．8组的尿素氮产量显著高于（P＝0．01）其他2组;尿中尿囊素（P＝0．05）和总嘌呤（P＝0．09）产量呈线性降低趋势,W9．6组的微生物氮产量显著（P＝0．02）高于W28．8组。结果提示：泌乳盛期奶牛日粮中用9．6％的粉碎小麦替代玉米效果最佳,高比例的小麦替代玉米（ W28．8组）时能够增加尿氮及奶和尿中尿素氮的排出量,降低微生物氮的合成。     

转兔角蛋白基因改良棉纤维品质研究

通过花粉管通道转基因技术,将E6启动子驱动的兔角蛋白基因导入高产棉花品种苏棉16号。所用转基因表达载体还含有选择标记基因NPTⅡ(卡那霉素抗性基因)及Gus报告基因。对转化体后代的检测结果表明,T1代有2.1%呈现Gus阳性,在Gus阳性株中84.6%具有卡那霉素抗性。用依据E6启动子序列和兔角蛋白基因序列设计的两对引物,对经过上述筛选的植株进行PCR检测,多次重复,最终确定3株结果稳定的转兔角蛋白基因棉株。从品质分析结果看,这3个株系成熟棉纤维的品质部分得到改良,尤其比强度有较大幅度提高,与转基因受体相比平均提高6.3cN·tex 1。     

对地膜和秸秆覆盖玉米生长发育与产量的分析

两年盆栽和大田玉米覆盖试验结果表明,秸秆和地膜覆盖都不同程度地增加了玉米株高、茎粗、净光合速率和单株干物质积累量等;地膜覆盖的促进作用在玉米生育前期较大,而秸秆覆盖的作用则主要表现在玉米生育中后期。秸秆和地膜覆盖增产的主要原因均为玉米穗长和穗粒数的增加,在本试验条件下,秸秆和地膜覆盖的增产效应主要表现在拔节至抽雄及雌穗分化发育阶段,而对后期粒重形成影响不大。     

春玉米主要穗部性状配合力及遗传参数分析

选育具有高配合力的优良自交系是育种工作的基础,为更好的了解北方早熟春玉米区玉米(Zea mays L.)自交系的配合力表现和性状遗传规律,为杂交种组配和种质改良提供亲本和育种策略,选用在生产及种质改良中常用的12个玉米自交系,按双列杂交模式设计组配杂交组合, 以完全随机区组设计进行试验,对主要穗部性状进行鉴定,按照改良griffingⅣ 双列杂交分析方法对数据进行处理。试验表明一般配合力和特殊配合力效应在亲本间存在显著差异。穗粗、容重、籽粒行数等性状遗传力较高,主要受加性效应控制。而产量、穗重主要受非加性基因控制,易受环境因素影响。K12、丹340和黑选169对提高产量的效应明显,P138在提高后代容重方面优势显著,含有地方种质的早熟材料龙抗118、大粒黄可以显著提高后代穗部长度。