双向刮削式香蕉茎秆纤维提取机的设计

针对我国香蕉茎秆纤维机械提取研究不足,现有设备纤维提取率低、含杂率高及能耗较高的现状,基于纤维提取滚筒刮削机制,研究设计了双向刮削式香蕉茎秆纤维提取机。该机采用两个刮取滚筒异向转动的组合刮取方式,实现对香蕉茎秆纤维的提取利用。试验表明:该机的生产效率平均为203.7kg/h,香蕉茎秆纤维提取率平均为89.7%,香蕉茎秆纤维提取的含杂率平均为16.1%,满足了香蕉茎秆纤维提取的农艺需求。     

Determining corn nitrogen rates using multiple prediction models

Weather uncertainty and soil spatial variability impact nitrogen (N) cycling and corn (Zea mays L.) growth, making accurate N predictions a challenge. Field studies were conducted in Lansing, Michigan, to evaluate a computer model (i.e., Adapt-N), a preseason year-based model (i.e., maximum return to N [MRTN]), and a crop sensor model (i.e., active canopy sensor with algorithm) for recommending corn N rates. To determine site-specific economic optimum N rates (EONR), five N rates were also applied (0, 33%, 66%, 133%, and 166% of the suggested MRTN) as starter + sidedress (SD) at V4. In a wet year (i.e., 2015), Adapt-N increased V8 SD N rates 35 kg N ha^?1 relative to the MRTN V4 SD N application. Although the greater rate of N may have provided additional yield protection, no statistical yield differences were observed between the two models. The MRTN model increased partial factor productivity (PFP) 20% relative to Adapt-N. Limited expression of V8 corn N deficiency reduced crop sensor total N rates (21–56 kg N ha^?1) and yield (0.82–1.05 Mg ha^?1) relative to other models. In a drier year (i.e., 2016), N demand was reduced (EONR 64 kg N ha^?1 less than 2015), resulting in similar corn response to all three models. Despite differences in actual corn N rate recommendations, all three models resulted in similar economic net returns across study years.

Abbreviations: EONR, economic optimum nitrogen rate; MRTN, Maximum Return to Nitrogen; NUE, nitrogen-use efficiency; PFP, partial factor productivity; SBNRC, sensor-based nitrogen rate calculator; SD, side-dress     

棉花纤维中木质素的相对分子量

分子量是聚合物的重要特性之一,木质素的分子量及其分布是研究苯丙烷类结构的反应、物理化学特性和评价其改性产物质量的内容之一。本研究以陆地棉TM-1成熟纤维为材料,分别利用酶解-温和酸解木质素法和二氧六环法提取棉纤维中木质素,结合凝胶渗透色谱法(gel permeation chromatography,GPC)调查和评价2种方法获得的棉纤维中木质素的相对分子量。结果表明,经二氧六环处理提取的棉花纤维中的木质素(dioxane lignin,DL)的重均分子量为2924g mol~(–1)、数均分子量2403 g mol~(–1),略高于由酶解-温和酸解处理提取的木质素(enzymatic hydrolysis-mild acidolysis lignin,EMAL)的重均分子量(2169 g mol~(–1))和数均分子量(1970 g mol~(–1)),EMAL的多分散系数稍低,说明木质素的均一性比DL高。表明EMAL法提取的木质素更适用于分析棉纤维中木质素的相对分子量。利用EMAL法分析棉纤维中木质素相对分子量表明,不同棉花品种的木质素重均分子量分布范围为938~2169 g mol~(–1),数均分子量分布范围为857~1970 g mol~(–1),多分散性系数在1.09~1.74间,均小于2。重均分子量与纤维马克隆值呈显著负相关,数均分子量与纤维长度呈显著负相关,与纤维马克隆值呈极显著负相关。     

大豆膳食纤维蒜肠的研制

利用新鲜豆渣制成大豆膳食纤维粉添加到香肠中,并在香肠中添加大蒜粉,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法对大豆膳食纤维蒜肠的配方进行优化。结果表明,大豆膳食纤维蒜肠的最佳配方为:蒜粉添加量1.3%,大豆膳食纤维添加量5.0%,马铃薯变性淀粉添加量6.0%。用该配方生产出的产品具有蒜肠特有的香味,良好的口感和弹性,且由于加入了大豆膳食纤维,增加了该产品的保健功能,是老少皆宜的香肠新产品。     

D200型秸秆纤维制取机原料供给系统优化设计与试验

为提高D200型秸秆纤维制取机工作效率,实现对农作物秸秆物料的浸泡、清洗及连续稳定的输送,解决人工喂料时劳动强度大、喂料不均匀等问题,设计了与D200型秸秆纤维制取机相配套的原料供给试验装置。在对浸泡装置、搅拌装置和捞取装置间配合关系及工作原理分析的基础上,以单个耙齿为研究对象,分析了耙齿与秸秆的作业过程,建立了捞取量的数学模型,找出了影响捞取量的主要因素。应用L16(45)正交试验方法,以输送带线速度、耙齿齿数、搅拌桨转速为试验因素,以捞取效率及其变异系数为评价指标实施试验。试验结果表明:输送带线速度、耙齿齿数、搅拌桨转速对捞取效率影响极显著(P0.01);输送带线速度对捞取效率变异系数影响极显著(P0.01)。同时利用模糊综合评价方法对试验指标进行综合评价,确定影响综合评价的主次顺序为:输送带线速度、搅拌桨转速、耙齿齿数;最优参数组合为:输送带线速度0.6 m/s、搅拌桨转速40 r/min、耙齿齿数8根。此时,单位时间内捞取效率为1 111.2 kg/h,变异系数为0.124,满足生产要求。     

智能光纤浊度传感器设计与试验

浊度是指水体中悬浮颗粒的含量,在水产养殖中,悬浮颗粒由大量的细菌、病原体组成,颗粒物浓度过大,易危害水生动物的生存。传统的浊度检测技术易受环境光、色度、温度等因素的影响,稳定性差、精度低。为此设计了基于IEEE1451.2的智能光纤浊度传感器,该传感器由光学检测模块、信号变送模块、智能处理模块组成。光学检测模块采用880nm红外发光二极管作为光源,采用90°散射光检测法,有效降低了色度对浊度检测的影响。信号变送模块采用正向比例积分电路、I/V转换、滤波、检波电路对采集到的散射光电流信号进行处理,得到一个线性关系良好的直流浊度电压信号。为了提高传感器的精确度,设计了基于IEEE1451.2的智能处理模块,构建了温度补偿算法,采用校正TEDS参数完成对浊度的温度补偿,提高了浊度测量的准确度。对传感器性能进行测试试验,结果表明传感器准确度误差在±1.5%以内,稳定性误差在±1.0%以内,满足水产养殖对光纤浊度传感器的需求,具有较高的可靠性。     

Agronomic traits at the seedling stage,yield, and fiber quality in two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars in response to phosphorus deficiency

ABSTRACT

Cotton is critical for phosphorus demands and very sensitive for its deficiency. However, identifying the effect of low-phosphorus tolerance on cotton growth, yield, and fiber quality by reducing phosphorus consumption. This may help to develop phosphorus-tolerant high-yielding cotton cultivars. In a two-year repeated (2015 and 2016) hydroponic experiment (using 0.01 and 1 mM KH₂PO₄), two cotton cultivars with phosphorus sensitivity (Lu 54; a low-phosphorus sensitive and Yuzaomian 9110; a low-phosphorus tolerant) were screened on the base of agronomic traits and physiological indices through correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis from 16 cotton cultivars. Low phosphorus nutrition reduced the plant height, leaf number, leaf area, phosphorus accumulation and biomass in various organs of seedlings. The deficiency negatively affected the morphogenesis of seedlings, as well as yield and fiber quality. Further, these screened cultivars were tested in a pot experiment with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 during 2016 and 2017. It was found to have a significant (P< 0.05) difference in boll number, lint yield, fiber strength, and micronaire at the harvest. Furthermore, after collectively analyzed the characteristics of Lu 54 and Yuzaomian 9110, there were six key indices that could improve the low phosphorus tolerance of cotton cultivars. These were root phosphorus accumulation, stem phosphorus accumulation percentage, leaf and total biomass of seedlings, seed cotton weight per boll and fiber length.     

Changes in phosphorus fractions in three tropical soils amended with corn cob and rice husk biochars

ABSTRACT

The formation of phosphorus (P) compounds including iron-P, aluminum-P and calcium-P in highly weathered tropical soils can be altered upon biochar addition. We investigated the effect of corn cob biochar (CC) and rice husk biochar (RH) pyrolyzed at three temperatures (300°C, 450°C and 650°C) on phosphorus (P) fractions of three contrasting soils. A 90d incubation study was conducted by mixing biochar with soil at a rate of 1% w/w and at 70% field capacity. Sequential P fraction was performed on biochar, soil and soil-biochar mixtures. Increase in most labile P (resin-P_i, NaHCO₃-P_i) and organic P fraction (NaHCO₃-P_o + NaOH-P_o) in CC and RH biochars were inversely related to increasing temperature. HCl-P_i and residual P increased with increasing temperature. Interaction of CC and RH with soils resulted in an increase in most labile P as well as moderately labile P (NaOH-P_i) fractions in the soils. CC increased most labile P in the soils more than RH. The increase in most labile P fraction in soils was more significant at relatively lower temperatures (300°C and 450°C) than 650°C. However, the increase in HCl-P_i and residual P of the soils was more predominant at high temperature (650°C). The study suggested that biochar pyrolyzed at 300–450°C could be used to increase P bioavailability in tropical soils.     

施氮量对油后直播棉花产量、品质及生物量的影响

为研究施氮量对油后直播棉花生物量累积特征及其与产量、品质的关系,于2016-2017年在湖南常德设置了施氮量分别为0、90、180、270、360 kg·hm^-2氮肥水平试验。结果表明,在施氮量为0~360 kg·hm^-2范围内,施氮量越大棉株营养器官生物量累积越多,而棉株生殖器官生物量则在施氮量为270 kg·hm^-2时累积最多;皮棉产量、成铃数和单铃重均在施氮量为270 kg·hm^-2时达到最大;0~270 kg·hm^-2范围内,衣分随施氮量增加而增加。在施氮量为270 kg·hm^-2条件下,纤维长度和断裂比强度最高;适宜施氮量有利于纤维长度、断裂比强度的提高和马克隆值的优化,对伸长率和整齐度基本无影响。综上所述,适宜施氮量可提高棉花的产量、品质,洞庭湖棉区适宜的施氮量为180~250 kg·hm^-2。本研究结果为环洞庭湖棉区的氮肥合理运筹提供了技术参考。     

纺高支纱陆地棉主要经济性状间相关性分析

利用单相关、偏相关和通径分析等多种相关分析方法,研究了纺高支纱陆地棉主要产量、品质性状间的相关关系。结果表明:各性状对皮棉产量的单相关系数由大到小依次为株铃数、衣分、铃重、衣指、马克隆值、绒长、比强度、籽指;偏相关系数由大到小依次为株铃数、铃重、比强度、衣分、衣指、籽指、绒长、马克隆值;直接通径系数由大到小依次为株铃数、衣分、铃重、衣指、籽指、比强度、马克隆值、绒长。比强度与单株皮棉产量的单相关系数、偏相关系数和直接通径系数分别为-0.206,0.481,0.129。绒长与单株皮棉产量成不显著负相关,与比强度、马克隆值成正相关。马克隆值与比强度成不显著负相关。以上结果说明高产纺高支纱陆地棉首先应具有结铃性强、成铃多的基本性状,同时要兼顾衣分;选择高强纤维不会影响高产基因型的获得;纺高支纱陆地棉存在纤维品质不配套的问题,应进一步改良。文章还对纺高支纱陆地棉的选育提出了可资借鉴的建议。